Determination of Carbon Black Particle Size by Reflectance

1967 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1319-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merton L. Studebaker ◽  
Lester G. Nabors
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Carbon Black Surface ◽  
Reflectance Meter ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Black Particle

Abstract A simple technique of sample preparation using dry carbon black samples has been developed which gives a carbon black surface of reasonably reproducible reflectance, using a commercially available and reasonably priced reflectance meter. The reflectance values were calibrated against particle size determined by Kraus and Rollmann using the calorimetric procedure of Harkins and Jura.

Immobilization of Elastomers at the Carbon Black Particle Surface

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 973-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Sircar ◽  
A. Voet
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Boiling Points ◽  
Furnace Black ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Black Particle

Abstract Determinations have been made of the amount of elastomer unextractable from unvulcanized masticated mixes with carbon black by a given solvent at boil, expressed as immobilized elastomer. Saturated and unsaturated elastomers varying in molecular weights from 2000 to 325,000, were used, while solvents of greatly differing boiling points and solvent power were employed. It could be shown that the bonding between elastomers and carbon black is not a simple adsorption, but involves a higher energy interaction, defined as chemisorption. At successively higher temperatures elastomer is increasingly removed from the carbon black surface. The temperature Tm, obtained by extrapolation of the linear relationship between amounts immobilized and temperature of extraction, represents the temperature theoretically required to eliminate all bonds between carbon black and elastomer and is therefore indicative of the bond strength. Data suggest the existence of a bonding energy spectrum. Upon graphitization, blacks show a considerable decline in high energy bonding ability for elastomers. Saturated elastomers show less bonding than unsaturated elastomers with the same furnace black. “Bound rubber” represents the sum total of physically adsorbed, mechanically entangled, and chemisorbed elastomer. The actual values are greatly dependent upon the procedure used. “Immobilized rubber”, indicating chemisorbed elastomer, is easily determined, is not influenced by the method, and is more significant as an indicator of reinforcement.

Research of Thermal Conductivity and Tensile Strength of Carbon Black-Filled Nature Rubber

2009 ◽  
Vol 87-88 ◽  
pp. 200-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan He ◽  
Zhong Yin ◽  
Lian Xiang Ma ◽  
Jun Ping Song
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Thermal Conductivities

Through measuring the thermal conductivities and tensile strength of nature rubbers filled with carbon black and comparing with each other, it is shown that the difference of carbon black particle size and the structure affects on the thermal conductivity and tensile strength of nature rubber. Thermal conductivities of carbon black-filled nature rubber are enhanced with the increase of volume fraction of filler; tensile strength of composite increases first and then decreases with the increase of carbon black volume fraction.

INFLUENCE OF STRAIN AMPLIFICATION NEAR CRACK TIP ON THE FRACTURE RESISTANCE OF CARBON BLACK–FILLED SBR

2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Liu ◽  
Bin Dong ◽  
Li-Qun Zhang ◽  
Qiang Zheng ◽  
You-Ping Wu
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Crack Tip ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
J Integral ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
Fea Simulation ◽  
Tearing Energy

ABSTRACT Singularity of strain field at the crack tip of elastomeric material has recently attracted considerable attention. For SBR filled with four different types of carbon black, the strain distribution at the crack tip of the single-edge notched tension specimens are investigated using digital image correlation (DIC) and finite element analysis (FEA). Both DIC and FEA results demonstrate that the larger the carbon black particle size, the less strain amplification at the crack tip of SBR. However, the strain amplification region obtained from FEA simulation is much smaller than the strain amplification observed from DIC, and the reasons are discussed. Critical J-integral (JIC) and tearing modulus (TR) are calculated via J-integral method and are connected to crack initiation and propagation resistance of the SBR, respectively. With increasing carbon black particle size, both JIC and TR decrease. Similar trends also occur for tearing energy deduced from the dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. These results are in agreement with the prediction based on strain amplification at the crack tip.

Effect of Carbon Black Particle Size Distribution on Electrical Conductivity

1978 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Sircar ◽  
T. G. Lamond
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Industrial Practice ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
Gap Width

Abstract Wide particle size distribution (PSD) of carbon black increases electrical conductivity, consistent with the industrial practice of manufacturing conductive grades. An explanation has been offered based on the lower linear average diameter of wider-distribution blacks. Consequently, for the same weight, there is a larger number of particles in the broad-PSD black. The resulting agglomerates are therefore more numerous, although somewhat reduced in dimension because of higher packing density. The larger number of agglomerates results in lower average gap width, which accounts for the increased electrical conductivity.

The Carbon Black Sonofication Effects on Vulcanisate Properties of Natural Rubber

2012 ◽  
Vol 626 ◽  
pp. 114-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahendra Anggaravidya ◽  
Sudirman Sudirman ◽  
Bambang Soegijono ◽  
Emil Budianto ◽  
Martin Djamin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes

The mechanical properties of natural rubber can be enhanced by the addition of carbon black. The mechanical properties change is highly affected by particle size and carbon black structure used. A modification of N660 carbon black was conducted in the research by sonoficating the carbon black for 3 and 5 hours (N600-M3; M5). The results of adding modified carbon black were characterised by Particle Size Analysis (PSA), Scanning Electron Microscopes - Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The addition of modified carbon black shows bound rubber, thermal properties, and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break and modulus 300% on the vulcanisate produced were increased from the vulcanisate that had been filled with N660 natural (N660-N). Keywords: natural rubber, carbon black, particle size, sonofication, characterisation

Determination of the Carbon Black Surface Free Energy Components from the Heat of Immersion Measurements

Langmuir ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5991-5994 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. González-Martín ◽  
B. Jańczuk ◽  
L. Labajos-Broncano ◽  
J. M. Bruque
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Free Energy ◽  
Heat Of Immersion ◽  
Carbon Black Surface ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Energy Components

Carbon Black Particle Size

1953 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 912-918
Author(s):  
C. H. Leigh-Dugmore
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
Mean Particle Diameter

Abstract Carbon black particle diameters tend to be distributed log-normally. This discovery has led, first, to simplified methods for the calculation of mean diameter and specific surface from electron microscope measurements; second, to a demonstration that the observed differences between estimates of surface area from electron-microscope measurements and from low-temperature nitrogen adsorption measurements cannot be entirely explained by supposing the finest particles not to be resolved by the electron microscope, thus adding further support to the porosity explanation; and third, to the argument that any two size characteristics, such as mean particle diameter and specific surface, are entirely sufficient to describe particle size and its distribution and, consequently, their influence on vulcanizate properties.

New Thermal Antioxidants for Polyethylene Containing Carbon Black

1959 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 1171-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Hawkins ◽  
V. L. Lanza ◽  
B. B. Loeffler ◽  
W. Matreyek ◽  
F. H. Winslow
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
General Class ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Active Hydrogen ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Carbon Black Surface ◽  
Black Surface

Abstract Antioxidants which contain a thioether bond are usually more effective than the simple compounds from which they are derived. More significant is the effect of carbon black on these improved antioxidants, generally resulting in even greater protection than in the clear polymer. This is in contrast to the behavior of conventional antioxidants which do not contain a thio-bond. In all cases examined, these conventional antioxidants lose a large proportion of their effectiveness in the presence of carbon black. Recent studies concerned with the chemical nature of the carbon black surface strongly suggest the presence of reactive chemical groupings which may account for the weak antioxidant activity of some carbon blacks. Apparently the carbon black surface interacts with organo-sulfur antioxidants since this unique behavior has not been observed in other materials of comparable particle size, such as alumina, titania, or silica, nor do these materials themselves inhibit polyethylene oxidation. Thioethers and disulfides which contain no amine or phenol groups and hence no active hydrogen constitute another class of antioxidants which are unusual in that they attain a significant degree of activity only in the presence of carbon black. Although the mechanism through which these simple compounds function as antioxidants has not been established, there is considerable evidence that a relationship exists between antioxidant activity and bond dissociation energy. Some thiols may act to a slight extent as conventional antioxidants in clear polyethylene, but when carbon black is present, they appear to function through the same mechanism as do the simple organo-sulfur compounds which contain no active hydrogen. It is significant that within the general class of organo-sulfur antioxidants, alkyl compounds exhibit strong antioxidant activity in the presence of carbon black, and are often comparable with their aromatic counterparts.

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