Reactions of Polymers in Bulk. I. Influence of Fillers on the Degree of Crosslinking of Natural Rubber

1962 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Janacek
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Contact Surface ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
Filler Concentration ◽  
Carbon Blacks

Abstract The relation between the degree of crosslinking determined by means of swelling and the theoretical total contact surface of rubber to carbon black was investigated with vulcanizates of two elastomers which were cured by various vulcanization methods and using various concentrations—even extremely high ones—of carbon blacks with different specific surface, degrees of chain structure and chemical activities. A constant, α, the magnitude of which generally depends upon the degree of agglomeration of the carbon blacks and on the chemical nature of their surface as well as on the polymers used and the vulcanization method, but which is practically unrelated to the filler concentration, has been proposed to express the relative crosslinking activity of carbon blacks.

Reactions of Polymers in Bulk. III. Influence of Specific Surface and of Filler Concentration on Deformation Behavior

1962 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-589
Author(s):  
J. Janacek
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Deformation Behavior ◽  
Volume Concentration ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Filler Concentration ◽  
Shore Hardness ◽  
Carbon Blacks

Abstract The deformation behavior of carbon black-filled vulcanizates depends—after elimination of the influence of the differences in chemical activity of the carbon black—on the product of the specific surface P of the carbon black and the nth power of its volume concentration c; for the correlation of the modulus M100, the Shore hardness, and the rebound elasticity the value n=2 was found. This statement holds true for carbon blacks of similar structure levels and of small enough specific surface that one can assume that it will not agglomerate to an appreciable extent.

scholarly journals Synergistic effect by high specific surface area carbon black as secondary filler in silica reinforced natural rubber tire tread compounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 106173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suppachai Sattayanurak ◽  
Kannika Sahakaro ◽  
Wisut Kaewsakul ◽  
Wilma K. Dierkes ◽  
Louis A.E.M. Reuvekamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Rubber Tire

An NMR Investigation of the Interaction between Carbon Black and Cis-Polyisoprene

1980 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 975-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Svensson ◽  
S. E. Svanson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Surface Interaction ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Irreversible Effects

Abstract Attempts have been made to change the methods of preparation of samples of IR filled with various carbon blacks. Considering experiments where reliable results have been obtained hitherto we have drawn the following conclusions: 1. For solution-mixed and short-milled samples, a large broadening is observed, which is reduced by extraction, heating the samples above 50°C, and by prolonged milling. It is assumed that this broadening is due to interactions of a physical nature. The remaining broadening effect is assigned to irreversible effects of a chemical nature. 2. For dry-milled samples, where prolonged milling is always needed to achieve reasonable mixing, the main part of the broadening effects is not changed by the above treatments. 3. By heating the products to temperatures above 180°C a pronounced broadening develops. We believe that the largest surface interaction is attained by this treatment.

Characterization of Carbon Black Structure by Mercury Penetration

1971 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 805-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Moscou ◽  
S. Lub ◽  
O. K. F. Bussemaker
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Mercury Porosimetry ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Break Point ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
Structure Index ◽  
High Structure

Abstract The determination of the chain-structure of carbon black by mercury porosimetry is described. It is shown that each type of black has its own porosity curve, depending on specific surface area and degree of structure. An absolute measure for the degree of structure is proposed: The “Structure Index”, calculated from the break point in the porosity curve, the specific surface area and the density of the black. Structure Index for structureless blacks is 1.0 – 1.1, for low structure blacks 1.7 – 1.9, for normal structure blacks 2.3 – 2.4 and for high structure blacks 2.7 – 2.8.

Influence of Carbon Black on the Oxidation of Natural Rubber

1953 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 862-868
Author(s):  
G. J. van Amerongen
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Oxidation Reaction ◽  
Catalytic Action ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Aging Resistance ◽  
Solubility Of Oxygen

Abstract In this investigation an attempt was made to determine to what extent the solubility of oxygen in natural rubber and the aging resistance are influenced by the incorporation of carbon blacks of various particle sizes in the rubber. The influence of the particle size of carbon black on the oxidizability of GR-S loaded with carbon black had already been proved by Winn, Shelton, and Turnbull. In their explanation of this effect, carbon black was considered to be a catalyst for the oxidation reaction of rubber, although nothing was known about the nature of this catalytic action. Moreover, measurements with natural rubber were lacking.

Surface Activity and Chemistry of Thermal Carbon Blacks

2000 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Darmstadt ◽  
N-Z. Cao ◽  
D. M. Pantea ◽  
C. Roy ◽  
L. Sümmchen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
High Purity ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Carbon Black Surface ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Concentration Of Impurities

Abstract The surface energy of thermal and furnace carbon blacks was determined by inverse gas chromatography (IGC) at infinite dilution. In general, the specific surface energy decreases with decreasing carbon black specific surface area. However, there is also an influence of the concentration of impurities during the carbon black production. The surface energy decreases with decreasing concentration of impurities. The carbon black surface and bulk chemistry was studied by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and Raman spectroscopy. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) was used for characterization of the surface morphology. Thermal grades of carbon black produced from high purity natural gas feedstock do not contain fewer surface functional groups than the other grades. No correlation between the concentration and nature of the oxygen and sulphur surface groups and the carbon black surface energy was found. Instead, a correlation between the surface energy and the polyaromatic character of the carbon black surface exists. Both increased in the order: thermal blacks from high purity natural gas feedstock < thermal black from oil feedstock < furnace blacks. The increase of the surface energy might be related to the formation of active sites which are formed upon removal of non-carbon elements during the carbon black formation. There was no principal difference in the surface morphology of thermal blacks from high purity gas feedstock and other blacks.

The Effect of Carbon Black on Thermal Antioxidants for Polyethylene

1959 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 1164-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Hawkins ◽  
R. H. Hansen ◽  
W. Matreyek ◽  
F. H. Winslow
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Antioxidant Effect ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Wide Ph Range ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Phenol Antioxidants ◽  
Ph Range

Abstract Carbon black has been shown to function as a mild thermal antioxidant for polyethylene at 140° C. The amount of protection increases with concentration and is dependent on the chemical nature of the carbon surface. This antioxidant effect is shown by a variety of carbon blacks with a considerable range of particle size, but very coarse carbons in comparable weight concentration exhibit no antioxidant effect. Recent studies concerned with the chemical nature of the carbon black surface indicate the presence of various oxygenated groupings which may account for the weak antioxidant activity of some carbon blacks. In all cases examined, conventional amine and phenol antioxidants in polyethylene are adversely affected by carbon black. This effect can be attributed to adsorption followed by chemical decomposition of the antioxidant on the carbon black. The chemical nature of the carbon black apparently influences the adsorption since the loss in activity of amine antioxidants is much more pronounced with acidic than basic carbon blacks. Whereas the effect of carbon black on antioxidant behavior is observed over a wide pH range, the effect decreases and finally disappears as the particle size of the carbon black is increased.

Effects of the Types of Rubber and Carbon Black on the Formation of Carbon-Rubber Gel

1959 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 1185-1191
Author(s):  
Z. V. Chernykh ◽  
V. G. Epshtein
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Gel Formation ◽  
Active Carbons ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Bond Stability ◽  
Carbon Structures ◽  
Bound Rubber

Abstract 1. Carbon-rubber gels are formed in mixtures containing all the types of carbon black tested (channel, acetylene, nozzle, furnace, thermal) and not only active carbons. 2. The amount of carbon-rubber gel formed depends on the amount of carbon black added. With carbon blacks which readily form continuous carbon structures (channel, acetylene) the amounts of gel are greater than with nonstructural blacks, for the same amount of black added. 3. The amount of gel is greater in synthetic than in natural rubber mixtures. 4. More intense extraction conditions do not cause disappearance of the gel, but increase the amount of bound rubber and decrease the amount of carbon in the gel. 5. The carbon-rubber gels formed from structural carbons contain larger amounts of bound rubber. 6. It is suggested that bond stability between carbon black particles (characterized by the formation of a carbon black structure) is one of the basic causes of carbon-rubber gel formation.

Specific Surface Area Measurements on Carbon Black

1971 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1287-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Janzen ◽  
Gerard Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Optical Reflectance ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Adsorption Of Nitrogen

Abstract Various methods for estimating specific areas of carbon blacks are compared. These include the electron microscope count, methods based on adsorption of nitrogen, iodine and surfactants, and optical reflectance tests.

Effect of Carbon Blacks on Swelling of Neoprene GRM-10 Vulcanizates

1949 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 812-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. L. Catton ◽  
D. C. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Compression Modulus ◽  
Tension Stress ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Swelling Characteristics ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

Abstract Reinforcement of elastomers with fillers has generally been measured by physical properties, such as tension stress-strain, tear resistance, hardness, and compression modulus. To a more limited extent, swelling in solvents has been recognized as associated with reinforcement. In natural-rubber vulcanizates it has been demonstrated that reinforcing fillers impart greater resistance to solvents and oils than do nonreinforcing types. Addition of the latter gives only the reduction in swelling attributable to elastomer dilution. In the case of Neoprene vulcanizates, Catton and Fraser reported that fillers function only as elastomer diluents and that those fillers commonly considered as of the reinforcing type impart no greater resistance to solvents than the nonreinforcing type. More recently, however, Buist and Mottram, in describing the effects of carbon blacks on the physical properties of natural rubber and Neoprene, reported that with both of these elastomers compounds containing thermal type carbon black gave slightly greater swelling in benzene than compounds containing equal loadings of other types of carbon black. With Neoprene, they reported good correlation between moduli and swelling characteristics.

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