Dynamic Study of Reinforcement

1951 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-809
Author(s):  
J. R. S. Waring
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Modulus ◽  
Dynamic Compression ◽  
Compression Modulus ◽  
Dynamic Study ◽  
General Level ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Abstract The measurements were undertaken to obtain a better understanding of the mechanism of the reinforcement of rubber by carbon black. Results are given for the dynamic compression modulus and its temperature and amplitude coefficients, in the temperature range 30° to 70° C and at amplitudes of vibration around 0.0036 cm., for natural rubber, Neoprene Type GN, GR-S, and Perbunan. Data are also given on the effect of vibration and temperature on electrical conductivity. The results are discussed in relation to the general level of reinforcement. Evidence is given for the rupture of more than one type of cohesive bond in repeated cycles of vibration. A tentative system of analysis is proposed. The different effects of temperature and continuous vibration on dynamic modulus are attributed to a thixotropic breakdown in the case of vibration. The significance of such a “structure” dynamically hard at small amplitudes of vibration, is related to abrasion of tires in service.

Effect of Carbon Blacks on Swelling of Neoprene GRM-10 Vulcanizates

1949 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 812-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. L. Catton ◽  
D. C. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Compression Modulus ◽  
Tension Stress ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Swelling Characteristics ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

Abstract Reinforcement of elastomers with fillers has generally been measured by physical properties, such as tension stress-strain, tear resistance, hardness, and compression modulus. To a more limited extent, swelling in solvents has been recognized as associated with reinforcement. In natural-rubber vulcanizates it has been demonstrated that reinforcing fillers impart greater resistance to solvents and oils than do nonreinforcing types. Addition of the latter gives only the reduction in swelling attributable to elastomer dilution. In the case of Neoprene vulcanizates, Catton and Fraser reported that fillers function only as elastomer diluents and that those fillers commonly considered as of the reinforcing type impart no greater resistance to solvents than the nonreinforcing type. More recently, however, Buist and Mottram, in describing the effects of carbon blacks on the physical properties of natural rubber and Neoprene, reported that with both of these elastomers compounds containing thermal type carbon black gave slightly greater swelling in benzene than compounds containing equal loadings of other types of carbon black. With Neoprene, they reported good correlation between moduli and swelling characteristics.

Study of Carbon Black Structures in Rubber

1965 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Dynamic Viscosity ◽  
Dynamic Modulus ◽  
Dynamic Testing ◽  
Degree Of Dispersion ◽  
Paraffin Oil ◽  
Oil Mixtures ◽  
Testing Techniques

Abstract The effect of carbon-black structures in rubber were studied using dynamic testing techniques. The aspects studied were the effects of the degree of vulcanization and the degree of dispersion on dynamic modulus and loss. Relationships were established between electrical conductivity and dynamic modulus, and between the maximum dynamic viscosity and the carbon-black modulus changes on oscillation. Finally, use was made of carbon-black/paraffin-oil mixtures as model materials in order to explain the effect of carbon-black structures on the modulus enhancement of carbon-black-loaded vulcanizates.

The Dynamic Properties of Carbon Black-Loaded Natural Rubber Vulcanizates. Part I

1963 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 432-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Modulus ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Viscosity Change ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Elastic Responses ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

Abstract The dynamic properties of a natural vulcanized rubber containing carbon black were studied for dynamic tensions of amplitude varying greatly. It was shown that both the elastic responses and viscosity change with amplitude of oscillation and with concentration and type of carbon black. The effects of thermal treatment on the dynamic modulus were also studied. Beginning with conditions of equilibrium between the hard and soft regions of the vulcanizate for very weak stresses, the values for the formation of hard regions from soft regions were determined by means of the Van't Hoff isochore.

Effects of partial replacement of carbon black with nanocrystalline cellulose on properties of natural rubber nanocomposites

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caixin Li ◽  
Fei Huang ◽  
Juan Wang ◽  
Xiaorong Liang ◽  
Shiwen Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Compression ◽  
Nanocrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Source Materials

Abstract Waste cotton materials were used as source materials to prepare waste cotton nanocrystalline cellulose (WCNC) by optimized acid hydrolysis. The final hydrolysis products had an approximately 30 nm diameter, lengths mainly ranging from 400 nm to 800 nm, and a typical cellulose I crystal structure with a high degree of crystallinity. WCNC was further investigated to partially replace carbon black (CB) in natural rubber (NR) composites via coagulation. NR/CB/WCNC and NR/CB composites were prepared. Through comparisons of the morphology, mechanical properties, dynamic compression fatigue performance, thermal stability and soil biodegradation behaviour of the NR/CB/WCNC and NR/CB composites, WCNC was proven to perform efficiently. WCNC could increase tensile and tear strength as well as reduce heat build-up, and it presented slightly lower thermal stability and superior biodegradability. Moreover, a fine WCNC dispersion was achieved in NR/CB/WCNC. The observed reinforcement effects were evaluated based on the results of rubber processing analysis (RPA), thermogravimetric and scanning electron microscopic analyses of NR/CB/WCNC compared with the NR/CB composites.

Electrical Conductivity and ESR Studies of Carbon-Black-Loaded Natural Rubber

1988 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muliawati G. Siswanto ◽  
Na Peng Bo ◽  
Parangtopo ◽  
H. Neubacher ◽  
L. C. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber

Features of the Reinforcing Action of Carbon Blacks Deduced from the Tear Propagation of Filled Vulcanizates

1961 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-65
Author(s):  
A. I. Lukomskaya
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Tear Propagation

Abstract 1. The reinforcing action of carbon blacks is most clearly apparent in the knotty tearing of carbon black rubbers. 2. Knotty tearing is characteristic of rubbers filled with carbon black in definite ranges of deformation and temperature, the position of which depends upon the type of rubber and carbon black. 3. With high contents of contact gas black in vulcanizates of sodium butadiene (SKB) and butadiene sytrene (SKS-30) rubbers two ranges of knotty tearing occur. The first is situated at relatively high temperatures and low rates and the second at relatively low temperatures and higher rates. Reduction in the content of black in these vulcanizates leads to the disappearance of the high temperature range of knotty tearing and the displacement of the low-temperature range towards higher temperatures and low rates. This position of the ranges (at medium rates and temperatures) is characteristic also of the said synthetic rubbers containing thermal black. 4. The first range of knotty tearing of filled SKB and SKS-30 vulcanizates with contact black is linked with the presence in them of carbon black chains, while the second range, existing also with vulcanizates with thermal black, is connected with the presence of carbon black particles. 5. Within the ranges ofr ates from 40 to 1000 mm/min and of temperatures from 40 to +100° C filled vulcanizates of natural rubber have one range of knotty tearing situated at lower rates. In the case of the presence in them of contact gas black the range is shifted towards higher rates than in the case of thermal black. 6. Increasing the length of the nick in testpieces being tested for tear propagation leads to a shift in the range of knotty tearing towards higher rates and widens it with respect to temperatures. This same effect is noted on altering the shape of the testpiece, starting with the Delft testpieces and proceeding to types A, B, and C, i.e. increasing the nonuniformity of stress distribution in the deformed testpieces.

Extraction and identification of fillers and pigments from pyrolyzed rubber and tire samples

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
P. Sadhukhan ◽  
J. B. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Curing Agents

Rubber stocks, specially tires, are composed of natural rubber and synthetic polymers and also of several compounding ingredients, such as carbon black, silica, zinc oxide etc. These are generally mixed and vulcanized with additional curing agents, mainly organic in nature, to achieve certain “designing properties” including wear, traction, rolling resistance and handling of tires. Considerable importance is, therefore, attached both by the manufacturers and their competitors to be able to extract, identify and characterize various types of fillers and pigments. Several analytical procedures have been in use to extract, preferentially, these fillers and pigments and subsequently identify and characterize them under a transmission electron microscope.Rubber stocks and tire sections are subjected to heat under nitrogen atmosphere to 550°C for one hour and then cooled under nitrogen to remove polymers, leaving behind carbon black, silica and zinc oxide and 650°C to eliminate carbon blacks, leaving only silica and zinc oxide.

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