Effect of Fillers on Wet Skid Resistance of Tires. Part I: Water Lubrication Vs. Filler-Elastomer Interactions

2008 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 552-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Jiao Wang ◽  
Yakov Kutsovsky
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Surface Energies ◽  
Dry And Wet Conditions ◽  
Worn Surface ◽  
Rubber Film ◽  
Direct Investigation ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Abstract From results of testing materials using a new filler, it was recognized that the wet skid resistance of tires is determined not only by dynamic properties of the tread compounds, but also by elastohydrodynamic lubrication, especially on the micro scale. By reviewing the basic concepts of friction under dry and wet conditions, and friction coefficients of possible model materials that are at the worn surface of tire tread compounds and road surface, it is inferred that after skid testing under wet conditions, the top skin of the worn surface contains some bare silica for silica-filled compounds, but the carbon black aggregates remain covered by rubber film. This inference is supported by measuring the surface energies of the fillers, analyzing the properties of filled vulcanizates, and direct investigation of worn surface of the compounds after skid test by AFM. The different surface compositions between silica- and carbon black-filled vulcanizates would lead to different effects on micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication, hence wet skid resistance, which will be the topic of next report of this study.

Effect of Fillers on Wet Skid Resistance of Tires. Part II: Experimental Observations on Effect of Filler-Elastomer Interactions on Water Lubrication

2008 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Jiao Wang ◽  
Yakov Kutsovsky
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication ◽  
Water Film ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Track Surface ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Abstract It was demonstrated previously that on the worn surface of vulcanizates during wet skid tests, carbon black is covered by rubber whereas silica particles are at least partly exposed. In this report, the experimental results of the effects of carbon black and silica on wet skid resistance measured by various test methods and under different conditions are explained based on the “Three Zone Concept” of the contact area of tread compounds with the track surface during sliding or rolling. The three zones are water film squeezing, transition and traction zones. In the first two zones, where hydro-dynamic and micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication mechanisms are dominant, silica is beneficial for wet friction. In the traction zone, where friction is governed by boundary lubrication, carbon black is preferred. Under test conditions where the water squeezing and transition zones are more developed, such as at high speed, lower temperature, smoother track surface, lower load, higher slip angle, and ABS brake, the silica shows better performance, but otherwise where the traction zone is larger, carbon black gives higher wet skid resistance. Accordingly, a new carbon-silica dual phase filler CSDPF 4210 that is characterized by high surface coverage with silica has been developed. With this material, the wet skid resistance of a passenger tire on a car with ABS at high speed and smooth road surface is significantly improved.

EFFECT OF ELASTOMER NANOPARTICLES ON IMPROVING THE WET SKID RESISTANCE OF SBR/NR COMPOSITES

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingguo Wang ◽  
Jingrui Liu ◽  
Quande Cui ◽  
Xiao Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

ABSTRACT How to improve the wet skid resistance of rubber composites for tire tread while decreasing the rolling resistance is very important for both rubber researchers and industry. The irradiation-vulcanized elastomer particles, ultrafine fully-vulcanized powder nitrile butadiene rubber (UFPNBR), having the diameter of about 80 nm, were studied on modifying the dynamic mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber/natural rubber (SBR/NR) composites for tire tread. It is notable that the UFPNBR particles can improve the tanδ values of SBR/NR composites in a temperature range from −10 to 20 °C and decrease the tanδ values in the temperature range from 50 to 70 °C simultaneously, which indicates that the UFPNBR particles not only can improve the wet skid resistance but also can reduce the rolling resistance of the SBR/NR composites. On the other hand, the UFPNBR-modified SBR/NR composites also have good dynamic properties for safety operation of tires at high temperature and good tensile strength, tear strength, and fatigue properties in the range of 8 phr UFPNBR loadings.

Magnesium Silicate Filler in Rubber Tread Compounds

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis González Hernández ◽  
Luis M. Ibarra Rueda ◽  
Celia Chamorro Antón
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Silane Coupling Agent ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Magnesium Silicate ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Silane Coupling ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Abstract The natural magnesium silicate, sepiolite (trade name Pansil), can partially substitute (up to 30%) for carbon black without important losses in physical properties and occasionally can improve them. In the NR-based compounds, as the substitution takes place, vulcanization times and Mooney viscosities decrease. Tear and abrasion resistances are lower. The same effects are observed in the SBR-based compounds, though in this case, the addition of a silane coupling agent (Silane A-189) counteracts the negative effects of the sepiolite, and the obtained values are clearly better than those with only carbon black. According to tan δ behavior in truck tire tread compounds, this filler type gives a higher wet grip resistance, but rolling resistance would be adversely affected by its use, though the presence of a silane coupling agent diminishes these effects. On the contrary, in passenger tire tread compounds, the partial substitution for carbon black seems to increase the wet resistance too, without a pronounced damage in rolling resistance. In this case, the addition of the silane coupling agent produces an increase in wet skid resistance and a decrease in rolling resistance. Based on laboratory tests, rolling resistance increases in all cases, mainly when the sepiolite was modified with silane. Wet skid resistance showed no variations. Clearly, it would be desirable to confirm our observations by an actual tire test.

scholarly journals Incorporation of Oligomeric Hydrocarbon Resins for Improving the Properties of Aircraft Tire Retreads

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 9834
Author(s):  
Indriasari Indriasari ◽  
Jacques Noordermeer ◽  
Wilma Dierkes
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbon ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Slight Improvement ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Pure Silica ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Hybrid Carbon ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

This study focuses on the use of oligomeric hydrocarbon resins in order to benefit from their effect on improving the performance of aircraft tire retreads. The aim was to enhance the tackiness for the retreading process and their final performance in terms of superior stress–strain properties and low heat generation in order to decrease treadwear; thus, increasing the tire’s service life, and in terms of traction or skid resistance to improve safety during landing of an aircraft. Two types of resins are investigated: a terpene phenol and an aromatic hydrocarbon C9 resin, added to compounds with different filler systems: Carbon Black (CB), hybrid Carbon Black/Silica (CB/SI), and pure Silica (SI). The rubber compounds and vulcanizates are compared to their controls for each filler system. The use of resins improves processing independent of the filler system, with a slight improvement of tensile strength, Modulus at 300% (M300%) and Elongation at Break (EAB). The incorporation of resins improves the tackiness for the compounds with all filler systems, which is beneficial for the retreading process. A significant improvement in Ice Traction (ICT) and Wet Skid Resistance (WSR) with a trade-off in Heat Build-Up (HBU) is observed in CB- and CB/SI-reinforced compounds when resins are added. Terpene phenol and aromatic hydrocarbon C9 resin show comparable ICT, while the aromatic hydrocarbon C9 resin gives a better WSR performance than the terpene phenol in all compounds. However, a slight improvement in HBU with the use of both resins is only observed in the SI-filled system. The present exploratory study into the addition of resins demonstrates the potential to significantly improve the overall performance of aircraft tire retreads, justifying more in-depth investigations into this possibility in real tires.

Effect of Cohesion Loss Factor on Wet Skid Resistance of Tread Rubber

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 258-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Takino ◽  
N. Isobe ◽  
H. Tobori ◽  
S. Kohjiya
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Loss Factor ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Black Oil ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Tread Rubber ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Abstract The effect of cohesion loss factor on wet skid resistance has not been studied systematically using three major factors, i.e., adhesion, hysteresis, and cohesion. Two different abrasions, PICO and BPST, as the cohesion loss factor were investigated for different polymers, carbon black grades, and carbon black/oil loadings. These two abrasion mechanisms are quite different, and BPST abrasion was concluded to be more suitable as a cohesion loss factor for the BPST (wsn) and tire wet μa. From the difference between PICO and BPST abrasions, superior material factors were analyzed from the viewpoint of the compatibility of both abrasion life and wet skid resistance of tire.

Effects of Carbon Black and Process Oil on Viscoelastic Properties and Tire Wet Skid Resistance

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Takino ◽  
H. Takahashi ◽  
K. Yamano ◽  
S. Kohjiya
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Hysteresis Loss ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Good Relationship ◽  
Rubber Friction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Abstract Wet skid resistance for rubbers with a wide range of carbon black loadings and process oil loadings was investigated from the viewpoints of viscoelastic properties and abrasion properties. An analysis of wet skid resistance by the factors of Tα and BPST abrasion, which was effectively performed on a wide range of polymers in a previous report, gave a poor correlation this time. In the case of a wide range of carbon black loadings and oil loadings, the factors of tan δ and BPST abrasion had a good relationship with wet skid resistance. In this study, tan δ at 7°C was found to be a suitable factor corresponding to adhesion loss and hysteresis loss in rubber friction. By the evaluation of abrasions, BPST abrasion and PICO abrasion were estimated to be governed by different mechanisms.

The effect of silica modified by deep eutectic solvents on the properties of nature rubber/silica composites

2021 ◽  
pp. 009524432110200
Author(s):  
Hao Yang ◽  
Liu Yang ◽  
Huaiqing Guo ◽  
Wenbo Hu ◽  
Aihua Du
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Modified Silica ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

The effect of deep eutectic solvent (DES) modified silica on the properties of nature rubber (NR) composites were investigated. The DES is an environment-friendly and low-cost solvent, which was prepared by mixing choline chloride and urea in a 1:2 molar ratio. The NR composites filled with DES modified silica were prepared and the properties were tested. The interaction between the DES and silica were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the interaction between silica and silica were tested by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The dynamic properties, such as rolling resistance and wet skid resistance, and were tested by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Morphologies of the composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the DES can interact with silica by hydrogen bond to improve the compatibility between the rubber and silica. When the content of DES was 3 phr, the tensile strength, modulus at 300%, tear strength, and the crosslinking density of the composites was increased. At the same time, the proper content of DES can reduce the rolling resistance of the vulcanized rubber while maintaining good wet skid resistance.

EFFECTS OF BLEND RATIO AND SBR TYPE ON PROPERTIES OF SILICA-FILLED SBR/NR TIRE TREAD COMPOUNDS

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pongdhorn Sae-oui ◽  
Krisda Suchiva ◽  
Uthai Thepsuwan ◽  
Wenussarin Intiya ◽  
Pram Yodjun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Blend Ratio ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Lower Heat ◽  
Heat Buildup ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

ABSTRACT The influences of blend ratio between SBR and NR and SBR type, emulsion SBR (E-SBR) and solution SBR (S-SBR), on properties of silica-filled passenger car tire tread–based compounds were investigated. Results reveal that, with increasing NR proportion, cure time and most mechanical and dynamic properties, for example, tensile strength, tear strength, modulus, abrasion resistance, and wet skid resistance of the compounds and vulcanizates, are reduced, whereas the improvements in elongation at break and crack growth resistance are observed. The unexpectedly impaired mechanical and dynamic properties identified in the presence of NR are mainly caused by thermal degradation of NR taking place during the mixing process at high temperature. Compared with E-SBR, S-SBR provides superior properties in many aspects, that is, higher modulus and greater abrasion and wet skid resistances as well as lower heat buildup and rolling resistance. However, E-SBR gives greater tear strength than S-SBR.

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