An overview of Natural Superdisintegrants

2021 ◽  
pp. 113-124
Author(s):  
Shushank Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Drug Formulation ◽  
Release Time ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Set Up

The oral route is the most convenient route of administration for various drugs. It is viewed as the most convenient, most secure, and economical route for patients. Fast disintegrating tablets are popular these days as they disintegrate in the mouth within a few seconds without the use of water. The burdens of regularly used medications in pediatric and geriatric patients have been overwhelmed by quick-dissolving tablets. Natural superdisintegrants have been used for fast-dissolving tablets because they are biodegradable, chemically inert, non-harmful, more affordable, and generally accessible. Natural polymer improves the properties of the tablet as it is commonly used as diluents and binders. Natural super disintegrants decrease the release time and give healthful results to the patients. Most polymers are obtained from nature, they are cost-effective, non-toxic, and non-irritants. Disintegration is the most important step for releasing the drug from the tablet matrix to decrease the disintegration time. In this, drug and polymers come in contact with water, it swells, hydrate, and react chemically to release the drug in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract. Superdisintegrants are those substances that encourage the quick breaking down with a lesser amount contrasted with disintegrants. The quick disintegrants tablets are set up by utilizing suitable polymers which rely on the Physico-chemical properties of drugs and excipients, for example, drug and polymer compatibility, hardness and thickness of tablet, nature of drug and excipients, PH of drug and release parameters of drug formulation. Superdisintegrants are the vehicles added to tablet formulation to advance the breaking of tablets and capsules into small microparticles in aqueous media resulting in to increase in the surface area and promote quick drug release. The disintegrants have a significant capacity to oppose the efficacy of tablet binders and compression forces to form the tablet. Commonly there are three methods to incorporate disintegrants into the tablet: A. Inner addition, B. External expansion, C. Internal, and external addition. Most of the regularly based tablets are those expected to be swallow, disintegrate and release medicaments in the gastrointestinal tract but over a while tablets are manufactured to deliver medicaments in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract within few seconds of swallowing. It has been demonstrated that characteristic polymers are more effective than synthetic polymers. Some research is going to develop safe and effective medication with super disintegrating agents that can be dissolved rapidly to treat the disease.

A review: An overview of Natural Superdisintegrants

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Shushank Sharma ◽  
Sikha Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Drug Formulation ◽  
Release Time ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Set Up

The oral route is the most convenient route of administration for various drugs. It is viewed as the most convenient, most secure, and economical route for patients. Fast disintegrating tablets are popular these days as they disintegrate in the mouth within a few seconds without the use of water. The burdens of regularly used medications in pediatric and geriatric patients have been overwhelmed by quick-dissolving tablets. Natural superdisintegrants have been used for fast-dissolving tablets because they are biodegradable, chemically inert, non-harmful, more affordable, and generally accessible. Natural polymer improves the properties of the tablet as it is commonly used as diluents and binders. Natural super disintegrants decrease the release time and give healthful results to the patients. Most polymers are obtained from nature, they are cost-effective, non-toxic, and non-irritants. Disintegration is the most important step for releasing the drug from the tablet matrix to decrease the disintegration time. In this, drug and polymers come in contact with water, it swells, hydrate, and react chemically to release the drug in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract. Superdisintegrants are those substances that encourage the quick breaking down with a lesser amount contrasted with disintegrants. The quick disintegrants tablets are set up by utilizing suitable polymers which rely on the Physico-Chemical properties of drugs and excipients, for example, drug and polymer compatibility, hardness and thickness of tablet, nature of drug and excipients, PH of drug and release parameters of drug formulation. Superdisintegrants are the vehicles added to tablet formulation to advance the breaking of tablets and capsules into small microparticles in aqueous media resulting in to increase in the surface area and promote quick drug release. The disintegrants have a significant capacity to oppose the efficacy of tablet binders and compression forces to form the tablet. Commonly there are three methods to incorporate disintegrants into the tablet: A. Inner addition, B. External expansion, C. Internal, and external addition. Most of the regularly based tablets are those expected to be swallow, disintegrate and release medicaments in the gastrointestinal tract but over a while tablets are manufactured to deliver medicaments in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract within few seconds of swallowing. It has been demonstrated that characteristic polymers are more effective than synthetic polymers. Some research is going to develop safe and effective medication with super disintegrating agents that can be dissolved rapidly to treat the disease.

scholarly journals Bi2O3 nano-flakes as a cost-effective antibacterial agent

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke D Geoffrion ◽  
David Medina Cruz ◽  
Matthew Kusper ◽  
Sakr Elsaidi ◽  
Fumiya Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bismuth Oxide ◽  
Antibacterial Agent ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Bismuth Compound ◽  
Photo Catalysis ◽  
Physico Chemical

Bismuth oxide is an important bismuth compound having applications in electronics, photo-catalysis and medicine. At the nanoscale, bismuth oxide experiences a variety of new physico-chemical properties because of its increased...

Microbe Associated Phytoremediation Technology for Management of Oil Sludge

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Kumar ◽  
Monika Chandrabhan Dhote
Keyword(s):  
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Oil Sludge ◽  
Sludge Disposal ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Petroleum Refineries ◽  
Mutagenic Effects

Environmental contamination due to petroleum compounds is a serious global issue. Oil /petroleum refineries produce huge amount of oil sludge during drilling, storage, transport, refining which spoil soil and ground water resources. Such activities release different compounds viz. alkane, mono- polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), asphaltene, resins and heavy metals. Due to physico-chemical properties, PAHs are one of most targeted compounds as they are highly persistent, carcinogenic, and have mutagenic effects on ecosystem. Such problems of PAHs drag researcher's attention to find some reliable and cost effective solution for oil sludge disposal management. Since last few decades, extensive research work has been carried out on various methods for treatment of oil sludge. In recent years, microbial assisted phytoremediation treatment technologies are being studied since these are reliable and cost effective for field applications. Here, we have discussed about combined eco-friendly technology of plant and microbe(s) to treat oil sludge for its better management.

scholarly journals Comparison among Different Rewetting Strategies of Degraded Agricultural Peaty Soils: Short-Term Effects on Chemical Properties and Ecoenzymatic Activities

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1084
Author(s):  
Vittoria Giannini ◽  
Eleonora Peruzzi ◽  
Grazia Masciandaro ◽  
Serena Doni ◽  
Cristina Macci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peat Soil ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Peatland Restoration ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wetland System ◽  
Set Up

In 2013, a pilot experimental field of about 15 ha was set up within the basin of Lake Massaciuccoli (Tuscany, Italy) in order to compare different management strategies—a paludicultural system (PCS), a constructed wetland system (CWS), a nearly-natural wetland system (NWS)—for peatland restoration after almost a century of drainage-based agricultural use (CS). After five years, changes in peat soil quality were investigated from a chemical, biochemical, and ecoenzymatic perspective. The soil in CS was mainly characterized by oxidant conditions, higher content of overall microbial activity, low levels of easily available phosphorus for vegetation, and medium total carbon content ranging from 25.0% to 30.7%. In PCS, the levels of total carbon and the content of bioavailable P were higher, while the oxidant conditions were lower compared to the other systems. As expected, the soils in CWS and NWS were characterized by the most reduced conditions and by the highest levels of arylsulphatase activity. It was noteworthy that soils in the NWS systems were characterized by the highest level of nonavailable P. Outputs from ecoenzymatic activity confirmed the physico-chemical and biochemical results.

scholarly journals In vitro Quality Analysis of Different Brands of Alprazolam Tablet Available in Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-188
Author(s):  
Golam Sarwar ◽  
Abhijit Das ◽  
Md Golam Kibria ◽  
Palash Karmakar ◽  
Mohammad Mafruhi Sattar
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Pharmaceutical Journal ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Dissolution Profile ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
Physico Chemical

Alprazolam is a benzodiazepine anxiolytic commonly prescribed as a sleeping aid and for the treatment of anxiety disorders. The current study was undertaken with the aim of analyzing quality of commercially available brands of alprazolam tablets available in Bangladesh. To assess the quality, locally available 0.25 mg alprazolam tablet of seven different manufacturers were selected and certain physico-chemical parameters like weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution profile etc. were evaluated using in-vitro analytical methods. All the tablet brands met the requirements of British Pharmacopoeia as they showed acceptable weight variation and friability (below 1%). Brands were slightly different in hardness, disintegration time and dissolution profile from each other. The hardness of all the brands was found to be in the range of 1.50±0.18 to 4.21±0.11 kg-ft. In water medium the disintegration time of all brands were found to be 0.57±0.45 to 2.22±0.23 min. Five out of seven brands showed better dissolution profile as they released more than 90% drug in 30 min. The study revealed that most of the marketed alprazolam tablets met the BP standards for physico-chemical properties which are the indicators of drug quality. It can be concluded that drug products should always comply standard quality parameters that are the prerequisites for getting satisfactory clinical effects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v16i2.22302 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 16(2): 185-188, 2013

scholarly journals Maternal and fetal blood pharmacokinetics and organ distribution of atrazine, propazine, simazine and their metabolites in pregnant rats after chronic oral administration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nolwenn Brandhonneur ◽  
Vincent Hutin ◽  
Cécile Chevrier ◽  
Sylvaine Cordier ◽  
Pascal Le Corre
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Organ Distribution ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds ◽  
Behavioral Abnormalities ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Chemical Descriptors

Abstract Environmental contamination by chlorotriazines has been evidenced in mother-child cohort suggesting more detailed risk assessment of these compounds in drinking water. Exposure of rodents to atrazine has been associated to alterations of endocrine and reproductive functions by disrupting neuroendocrine control at hypothalamus level. Perinatal exposure to low doses of atrazine has been associated to reproductive dysfunction, and to behavioral abnormalities in adult exposed during embryogenesis. The objectives of the current investigation were to (1) evaluate the influence of physico-chemical properties of chlorotriazines on tissue distribution in pregnant rats and in fetuses, (2) gain a better understanding of fetal distribution of chlorotriazines in specific tissues, particularly in brain. Serial blood samples were obtained from pregnant rats after administration of atrazine (ATZ), propazine (PRO) and simazine (SIM) via oral route at a dose of 10 mg/kg from day 15 to day 19. Maternal and fetal tissues were harvested at day 20, 24 hrs after the last dosing. The metabolic extraction ratio was estimated to 87% suggesting a significant first-pass effect explaining the low oral bioavailability. Blood exposure to parent compounds (ATZ, PRO and SIM) was negligible (lower than 5%) compared to metabolite exposure. The main metabolite exposure involved diamino-s-chlorotriazine (DACT), ranging from 60 to 90% depending on the molecules administered. A correlation between tissue-to-blood ratio and physico-chemical descriptors were observed for fat and mammary gland tissues but not for brain in adult rats. A more pronounced distribution in fetal brain was observed for ATZ and PRO, the two most lipophilic compounds.

scholarly journals Spicy Bitumen: Curcumin Effects on the Rheological and Adhesion Properties of Asphalt

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1622
Author(s):  
Abraham A. Abe ◽  
Cesare Oliviero Rossi ◽  
Paolino Caputo ◽  
Maria Penelope De Santo ◽  
Nicolas Godbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Binder ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Asphalt Pavements ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Adhesion Properties ◽  
Adhesion Promoters ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Anti Oxidant

Over the years, the need for the synthesis of biodegradable materials has facilitated the drift of the asphalt industry towards eco-sustainable and cost-effective production of road pavements. The principal additives in the asphalt industry to improve the performance of road pavements and increase its lifespan are majorly rheological modifiers, adhesion promoters and anti-oxidant agents. Rheological modifiers increase physico-chemical properties such as transition temperature of asphalt binder (bitumen), adhesion promoters increase the affinity between binder and stone aggregates while anti-oxidant agents reduce the effects of oxidation caused by exposure to air, water and other natural elements during the production of asphalt pavements. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of a food grade bio-additive on these three aforementioned properties. We also sought to hypothesize the mechanisms by which the additive confers these desired features on bitumen. We present this study to evaluate the effects of turmeric, a food-based additive, on bitumen. The study was conducted through dynamic shear rheology (DSR), atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and boiling test analysis.

scholarly journals Mini Review: Biologically Synthesized Nanoparticles as Antifungal Agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Siti Nur Amalina Mohamad Sukri ◽  
Kamyar Shameli ◽  
Teow Sin-Yeang ◽  
Nur Afini Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Biological Synthesis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

Fungal infections are affecting millions of people in the world every year. Severity of infections range from superficial mycoses to more chronic systemic mycoses. As more fungi species evolve, emergence of drug resistant strains is becoming a serious concern to the public health. There is now less number of effective antifungal drugs available in the market for treatment of invasive fungal infections. In an effort to combat this escalating issue, the use of nanoparticles as antifungal agent has been proposed and explored. Versatility of nanoparticles and its unique physico-chemical properties are proven beneficial for developing new therapeutic methods in treatment of fungal infections. Nanoparticles produced from biological synthesis have attracted keen interests from researchers, as they are more environmentally friendly, sustainable, cost-effective, and biocompatible. This mini review will provide an insight on the current antifungal studies and discuss the theory behind mechanism of actions of nanoparticles.

Signalling from the gut lumen

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 2175 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Furness ◽  
Jeremy J. Cottrell
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Enteroendocrine Cells ◽  
Local Tissue ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Free Fatty Acid Receptors

The lining of the gastrointestinal tract needs to be easily accessible to nutrients and, at the same time, defend against pathogens and chemical challenges. This lining is the largest and most vulnerable surface that faces the outside world. To manage the dual problems of effective nutrient conversion and defence, the gut lining has a sophisticated system for detection of individual chemical entities, pathogenic organisms and their products, and physico-chemical properties of its contents. Detection is through specific receptors that signal to the gut endocrine system, the nervous system, the immune system and local tissue defence systems. These effectors, in turn, modify digestive functions and contribute to tissue defence. Receptors for nutrients include taste receptors for sweet, bitter and savoury, free fatty acid receptors, peptide and phytochemical receptors, that are primarily located on enteroendocrine cells. Hormones released by enteroendocrine cells act locally, through the circulation and via the nervous system, to optimise digestion and mucosal health. Pathogen detection is both through antigen presentation to T-cells and through pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation of PRRs triggers local tissue defence, for example, by causing release of antimicrobials from Paneth cells. Toxic chemicals, including plant toxins, are sensed and then avoided, expelled or metabolised. It continues to be a major challenge to develop a comprehensive understanding of the integrated responses of the gastrointestinal tract to its luminal contents.

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