scholarly journals TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE ISLAMIC EXTREMISM AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE “ISLAMIC STATE” (FROM THE END OF 20TH CENTURY TILL 2014)

2021 ◽  
pp. 155-164
Author(s):  
Sargis Grigoryan
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
September 11 ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
The Us ◽  
Terrorist Acts ◽  
Islamic Extremism

The Islamic extremism has deep roots in the Middle East. They were especially active towards the end of the 20th century and in the first and second decades of the 21st century. They took on a new nature with the terrorist acts against the US on September 11 in 2001. In the mid-2000s new and dangerous trends of the Islamic extremism became evident in the Middle East, which became visible in Syria with the declaration of the “Islamic State” (IS) in 2014.

scholarly journals Kaum Muda, Intoleransi, dan Radikalisme Agama

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 429
Author(s):  
Zuly Qodir
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Young People ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Terrorist Acts

Youth, Intolerance, and Radicalism are serious problems facing Indonesia and other countries including in the Middle East. This phenomenon has sprung up over the last five years with various events that have surfaced. There are many reasons for the emergence of radicalism among young people and intolerance. However, there are several alternatives also to reduce the movement of intolerance and radicalism of youth. Religious movements that come from mass organizations such as Muhammadiyah and NU can be expected to reduce it. The most phenomenal phenomenon is the emergence of ISIS Islamic state of Iraq and Syria with various violent activities in Iraq and Syria affecting religious life in Indonesia. The movement of intolerance and radicalism arises because of the lazy tolerance. The essay below wants to reflect on the continuous occurrence of terrorist acts of terrorism radicalism in our country. The following essays are based largely on literature reviews written on the basis of reports or by others, as well as observations from the authors

scholarly journals Islamism, the West and Our Concern: A Social Reflection

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2403-2411
Author(s):  
TI Aisyah ◽  
Herdi Sahrasad ◽  
Muhammad Ridwan ◽  
Muhamad Asrori Mulky ◽  
Dedy Tabrani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Political Power ◽  
The Political ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Islamic Fundamentalism ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
The Us

This article argues that a number of Western orientalists tried to impress that Islam and the West could not meet, imaged that all the Islamic ones seemed to be unable to meet all the nuances of the West, as all the western images imaged always contradict Islam. Such tensions continue to this day. Towards the end of the 20th century, Islamism or Islamic fundamentalism has retreated or failed in maintaining political power in the Islamic world. But the enforcement of Shari'ah in society, remains a central theme of the demands of these Islamic fundamentalists. Thus, their target as a group is no longer just a country, but also a society. The political experiments of Islam, however, as shown in Algeria, Sudan, Iran and Afghanistan have failed and are out of date, but anyway, by the beginning of the 21st century Islamism or Islamic fundamentalism has been revived, marked by the WTC bomb 9/11 and other terror attacks in Indonesia, Europe, the US etc.

scholarly journals Brave new world an update on COVID-19 pandemic – A review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Gadó ◽  
Gy. Domján ◽  
Z.Z. Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
New World ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
History Of ◽  
Brave New World

AbstractEpidemics and pandemics have happened throughout the history of mankind. Before the end of the 20th century, scientific progress successfully eradicated several of the pathogens. While no one has to be afraid of smallpox anymore, there are some new pathogens that have never caused human disease before. Coronaviruses are a family of enveloped RNA viruses. In the 21st century, three of them have caused serious pandemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2002 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in 2012. In 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has destroyed hundreds of thousands of lives and continues to rage.

Afghan Challenges and their Impact on Reconfiguration of Foreign Military Presence

2015 ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
M. Konarovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Military

Against the background of wide range of the “Islamic state” terrorismin the Middle East, the aggravating civil war in Afghanistan does not reduce the threat of destabilization beyond Russia’s southern borders. The Taliban’s terrorism in IRA is recently becoming even more diversified through the infiltration of the IS ideology and militancy to IRA northern enclave. Reshaping of the US and NATO military presence in that country did not help to stabilize the situation that is facing the whole complex of unresolved problems. This reality urged Washington to prolong the military presence till 2017 amid new efforts to strengthen its positions in Central Asia.

scholarly journals The Islamic State" in the Context of Political Changes in the Middle East

2015 ◽  
pp. 221-229
Author(s):  
A. A. Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
The Political ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
Islamic Extremism

The article "The Islamic State phenomenon in the framework of the political changes in the Middle East" is dedicated to the "Islamic State", one of the most powerful and dangerous extremist organizations. Author realizes in this article: research of the genesis and causes of appearance of the movement "Islamic State"; analysis of the sociopolitical and geopolitical situation of the Iraqi Sunni community after the American invasion of 2003; bringing to the light factors of the high scale propagation of the Islamic extremism in Syria and Iraq; research of the military and political potential of the "Islamic State" and factors which could impede its expansion. Author considers "Islamic State" as an emergent phenomenon giving huge impact on the political situation in the Middle East. It provoked repartition of the old frontiers existed since the Sykes-Pico treaty of 1916. To the author's opinion oppression of the Iraqi Sunni community by the government of Nuri al-Maliki was the main cause of the Sunni revolt in Summer of 2014. Sunni tribes of Northern Iraq and former Baath party members were the driving forces of the revolt but then Jihadi extremists hijacked this revolt. To the author's mind elimination of the "Islamic State" is impossible without reconciliation between various religious communities in Syria and Iraq.

6. Religious terror

2018 ◽  
pp. 95-113
Author(s):  
Charles Townshend
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Religious Fundamentalism ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
The West ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Terrorist Acts ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Early 21St Century

In the early 21st century, the world faced a revival of religious fundamentalism. The liberal assumption that the rise of modern society and the demise of religion came hand in hand was thrown into doubt. In the 1980s, terrorism was restricted to a few radical revolutionaries and familiar nationalists. The next decade saw a shift. It was Islam in particular that captured the attention of the West. ‘Religious terror’ considers the relationship between religion and violence, messianism, suicide and self-sacrifice, and fundamentalism, including the rise of the Islamic State movement. Are the motives for such terrorist acts purely religious or are they political as well?

Islamic State group has reinvigorated global jihadism

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
The West ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Arab Uprisings ◽  
The Us ◽  
State Group ◽  
Political Turmoil

Significance The past year witnessed further jihadi gains amid the political turmoil in the Middle East that has followed the Arab uprisings -- most significantly the Islamic State Group (ISG)'s conquest of Sunni provinces Iraq in June and proclamation of a caliphate. However, the advance is not even across the board; the threat remains centred on regional targets, more than those in the West. More spillover from a metastasising jihadism in the Middle East is to be expected, including sporadic high-profile attacks in the West. Impacts The international reputation of Syria's Assad regime will gradually improve as the West remains focused on the threat of the ISG. Authoritarian regimes will exploit the jihadist threat to justify internal security crackdowns and delay democratic reforms. US-Iranian collaboration against ISG will reinforce the perception of an anti-Sunni conspiracy -- a key feature of jihadi propaganda. The US shale oil revolution will continue to offset disruption to oil supplies by the ISG. Tourism in affected countries, particularly Egypt, will continue to suffer.

scholarly journals The Children of Ludlow: Their Struggle is Our Struggle

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy McGettigan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Labor Movement ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
American Dream ◽  
Ludlow Massacre ◽  
The Us

The Ludlow Massacre galvanized the US labor movement. Once properly unified, trade unions became strong enough to leverage significant economic concessions from the Captains of Industry. Those economic concessions proved sufficient to buoy the aspirations of America’s middle class throughout much of the 20th century. More than a century after the Ludlow Massacre, post-industrialist fat cats continue their relentless efforts to undermine the working class. If America’s middle class is going to survive this never ending onslaught, then hard-pressed 21st century workers will need to rekindle the spirit of the Ludlow strikers whose sacrifices gave working stiffs a shot at the American Dream.

Jordan will stand firm in anti-Islamic State coalition

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Middle East Policy

Significance The pilot had been in captivity since his plane crashed near the ISG stronghold of Raqqa in Syria on December 24 while taking part in international coalition airstrikes against the group. Jordan's role in the coalition is particularly sensitive given its proximity to ISG-controlled areas and high levels of domestic unpopularity at its participation in the US-led alliance. Kasaesbeh's capture and brutal murder raise questions over Jordan's continuing commitment to the coalition, and of the threat ISG poses to the kingdom. Impacts Public horror at the killing will help keep ISG at the top of international government's Middle East policy-making agendas. Global jihadist criticism of the brutal method of killing may see ISG lose some support, and may benefit its rival, al-Qaida. Other Arab members of the anti-ISG coalition will remain committed in the short run, but seek to scale back their role in the longer term.

scholarly journals Terrorism in the Middle East: Main stages of evolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-192
Author(s):  
Sergey A. Lantsov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Middle East ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Al Qaeda ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
The World ◽  
Islamic Terrorism ◽  
Organizational Differences ◽  
Internal Contradiction

The article discusses the main stages of the evolution of terrorism in the Middle East from the 40s of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century. It is noted that terrorism as a political technology of using violence to achieve its goals was introduced to the Middle East from Europe after World War II. Ideological origins of terrorism in the 60–70s of the 20th century are analyzed. It is emphasized that during this period left-wing ideas had great popularity all over the world and in the Middle East. On the basis of ideological proximity, there was cooperation between some Palestinian organizations and left-wing extremist groups operating in other regions of the world. It is stated that at the end of the 20th century, in connection with the decline of the influence of radical leftist ideas, Islamic terrorism became the main type of terrorism in the Middle East. A comparative analysis of the characteristics of the activities of such terrorist organizations as Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State is given. It is noted that with a common ideological platform, there were structural and organizational differences between them. It is pointed out that Al-Qaeda is characterized by an internal contradiction between the ultimate goal — the creation of a world caliphate and the network principle of activity. The “Islamic State” overcame this contradiction by “territorialization” in Iraq and Syria. As a “quasi-state” entity, ISIS has become vulnerable to counter-terrorism. The final part of the article discusses the main ways of countering terrorism in the Middle East in modern conditions.

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