scholarly journals Water Quality and Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Some Karst Water Sources in Apuseni Mountains, Romania

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 857
Author(s):  
Maria-Alexandra Hoaghia ◽  
Ana Moldovan ◽  
Eniko Kovacs ◽  
Ionut Cornel Mirea ◽  
Marius Kenesz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Karst Water ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Apuseni Mountains ◽  
Karst Waters

Human activities and natural factors determine the hydrogeochemical characteristics of karst groundwaters and their use as drinking water. This study assesses the hydrogeochemical characteristics of 14 karst water sources in the Apuseni Mountains (NW Romania) and their potential use as drinking water sources. As shown by the Durov and by the Piper diagrams, the chemical composition of the waters is typical of karst waters as it is dominated by HCO3− and Ca2+, having a circumneutral to alkaline pH and total dissolved solids ranging between 131 and 1092 mg L−1. The relation between the major ions revealed that dissolution is the main process contributing to the water chemistry. Limestone and dolostone are the main Ca and Mg sources, while halite is the main Na and Cl source. The Gibbs diagram confirmed the rock dominance of the water chemistry. The groundwater quality index (GWQI) showed that the waters are of excellent quality, except for two waters that displayed medium and good quality status. The quality of the studied karst waters is influenced by the geological characteristics, mainly by the water–rock interaction and, to a more limited extent, by anthropogenic activities. The investigated karst waters could be exploited as drinking water resources in the study area. The results of the present study highlight the importance of karst waters in the context of good-quality water shortage but also the vulnerability of this resource to anthropogenic influences.

scholarly journals The emplacement age of the Muntele Mare Variscan granite (Apuseni Mountains, Romania)

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 495-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioan Balintoni ◽  
Constantin Balica ◽  
Monica Cliveţi ◽  
Li-Qiu Li ◽  
Horst Hann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Variscan Orogeny ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Apuseni Mountains ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Last Stage

The emplacement age of the Muntele Mare Variscan granite (Apuseni Mountains, Romania)Like the Alps and Western Carpathians, the Apuseni Mountains represent a fragment of the Variscan orogen involved in the Alpine crustal shortenings. Thus the more extensive Alpine tectonic unit in the Apuseni Mountains, the Bihor Autochthonous Unit is overlain by several nappe systems. During the Variscan orogeny, the Bihor Unit was a part of the Someş terrane involved as the upper plate in subduction, continental collision and finally in the orogen collapse and exhumation. The Variscan thermotectonic events were marked in the future Bihor Unit by the large Muntele Mare granitoid intrusion, an S-type anatectic body. Zircon U-Pb laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) dating yielded a weighted mean age of 290.9 ± 3.0 Ma and a concordia age of 291.1 ± 1.1 Ma. U-Pb isotope dilution zircon analyses yielded a lower intercept crystallization age of 296.6 + 5.7/-6.2 Ma. These two ages coincide in the error limits. Thus, the Muntele Mare granitoid pluton is a sign of the last stage in the Variscan history of the Apuseni Mountains. Many zircon grains show inheritance and/or Pb loss, typical for anatectic granitoid, overprinted by later thermotectonic events.

The occurrence of gold in Voia deposit, South Apuseni Mountains, Romania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena-Luisa Iatan
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Base Metal ◽  
Mineral Assemblage ◽  
Native Gold ◽  
Metal Sulfides ◽  
Volcanic Complex ◽  
Apuseni Mountains ◽  
Base Metal Sulfides ◽  
Mineral Assemblages ◽  
Phyllic Alteration

<p>Voia deposit belongs to the Săcărâmb-Cetraș-Cordurea Miocene volcano-tectonic alignment of the South Apuseni Mountains, Romania. This large volcanic complex represents a Sarmatian-Pannonian magmatic-hydrothemal mega-system of around 5 km<sup>2</sup> with an estimated 3–4 Ma time-space evolution, consisting of seven andesitic volcanic structures grouped in a circle, three subvolcanic andesite-quartz porphyry microdiorite and associated porphyry Cu-Au(Mo), pyrite Ca-Mg skarns and epithermal Au-Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu mineralizations.</p><p>The mineral assemblages of alteration and mineralization processes belong to several mineralized zones on a vertical scale, according to sampling evidence and laboratory studies. HS products are found in the upper part of the structure (300-500 m), with dominant advanced and intermediate argillic alterations and sulfide-sulfate gold-poor veins (pyrite, marcasite, base metal sulfides, Fe-Ti oxides, vuggy quartz, alunite, gypsum, anhydrite). Within the 500-1200 m depth, the HS mineral assemblages gradually decrease in favor of IS and LS products. It is characterized by the coexistence of gold-rich LS assemblage (native gold, base metal sulfide, adularia, sericite-illite, chlorite, carbonates ± anhydrite veins), with the IS assemblage (iron oxides, chalcopyrite, pyrite, quartz, anhydrite). These assemblages overprint the HS mineral associations, resulting in a transition zone characterized by gold - pyrite - chalcopyrite - iron oxides - quartz - anhydrite mineral assemblage characteristic for HS and native gold - pyrite - base metal sulfides - carbonates - quartz mineral assemblage corresponding to IS+LS type.</p><p>Gold is present in all of the identified mineralization forms: porphyry-epithermal Cu-Au, epi-mesothermal carbonate veins with gold - base metal sulfides, quartz veins with pyrite - chalcopyrite - magnetite ± hematite ± anhydrite, anhydrite veins with base metal sulfides and sulfosalts, anhydrite veins with pyrite - anhydrite ± quartz, vuggy quartz (silica residue) with gold-poor pyrite veins and impregnations in porphyry systems.</p><p>Drilling core samples revealed that in Voia deposit, gold is concentrated in chalcopyrite (drills no. 7, 19, 37) along with pyrite - magnetite - hematite - quartz assemblage from the late potassic stage. The major amount of gold associated with chalcopyrite tends to be mainly submicroscopic. Pyrite from anhydrite veins of the early potassic stage ± phyllic alteration is relatively poor in gold (drills no. 1-6, 8-14). However, the highest gold contents are present in pentagonal dodecahedron pyrites (drills no. 33, 38, 39) of pyrite-chalcopyrite-magnetite ± hematite-quartz assemblage from late potassic stage ± phyllic alteration. Pyrite associated with magnetite from anhydrite veins tends to be poor in gold (drills no. 8, 11, 15, 28, 29). A carbonate vein containing gold-bearing base metal sulfides that was intercepted at 960,00-960,30m depth by drill no. 17 is one of the richest in gold.</p><p>Native gold occurs as fine inclusions in ore minerals (5-20 μm). Large irregular grains of native gold (>50 μm) appear at mineral boundaries and along the fissures. The gold color is bright yellow and has a measured Au:Ag ratio of 5:1, suggesting that native gold has been formed at a relatively high temperature.</p><p>Acknowledgments: This work was supported by two Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation grants: PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-4-0014 and PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0346/29.</p>

scholarly journals The Influence of Different Type of Management upon the Floristic Structure of Grasslands Systems, with Special Attention on Arnica montana L.

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-46
Author(s):  
Adriana MOREA ◽  
Ioan ROTAR ◽  
Roxana VIDICAN ◽  
Florin PÄ‚CURAR ◽  
Anamaria MÄ‚LINAȘ
Keyword(s):  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Apuseni Mountains ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Organic And Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Natural Grasslands ◽  
Mountainous Landscape ◽  
Floristic Structure ◽  
Future Management

The maintenance of semi-natural grasslands within the mountainous landscape is deeply influenced by fertilization. Application of fertilizer will cause changes in the chemical composition of the plant and will increase the palatability, decreasing the denials. One should apply fertilizers taking into account the way of exploitation of the grassland. If the grasslands are grazed, much of the nutrients return into the meadow by manure, fattening being more important than on mowed lawns where all the nutrients taken from plants are exported. The aim of this paper was to assess the influence of organic and mineral fertilizers upon semi-natural grassland’s plant diversity on different soil types. The research was carried out in Apuseni Mountains, in an experimental field with one experience with organic fertilizers  ( T1 control, T2 10 t ha-1manure, T3 20 t ha-1 manure, T4 30 t ha-1 manure ) . Mineral fertilizers complex NPK 20:10:10 ratio was applied in three quantities: 50N 25P 25 K, 100N 50P 50K, and 150N 75P 75 K. The results showed that the largest quantities of mineral fertilizers generated a considerable decrease of plant diversity. For future management actions that are meant to maintain plant diversity in Apuseni Mountains, the organic fertilization with 10 t ha-1 manure quantities administrated annually or once on two years. In conclusion is justified to make organic treatments on Preluvosol Rodic soil type and mineral treatments on Eutricambosol Rendzinic soil type.

scholarly journals Research on the Influence of Organic Fertilizing and Mulching on Productivity and Phytodiversity on Oligotrophic Grasslands

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Ágnes BALáZSI ◽  
Ioan ROTAR ◽  
Florin PÄ‚CURAR ◽  
Roxana VIDICAN ◽  
Anca BOGDAN
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Floristic Diversity ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Agrostis Capillaris ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Apuseni Mountains ◽  
Grassland Type

Organic fertilizers have an influence on the floristic composition of grasslands. Fertilizing with manure favours the phytodiversity of grasslands. The objective of the study was to follow the influence of mulching and organic fertilizing in small quantities and at various time intervals upon dry matter yield and phytodiversity of Agrostis capillaris L. - Festuca rubra L. grassland type in the Apuseni Mountains. Seven treatments  ( control  ( mowed 1/year ) ; mulch 1/year; mulch 1/year + 5 t/ha manure /year; mulch 1/year + 5 t/ha manure/2 years; mulch 1/year + 10 t/ha manure/2 years; mulch 1/year + 10 t/ha manure/3 years; abandonment )  were evaluated experimentally. Organic fertilizing in low quantities could be a way to maintain the floristic diversity of oligotrophic grasslands in Apuseni Mountains.

scholarly journals THE RELIGIOUS STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF THE APUSENI MOUNTAINS

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-120
Author(s):  
Mădălin-Sebastian LUNG ◽  
◽  
Gabriela-Alina MUREȘAN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
The Political ◽  
Distinct Population ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Apuseni Mountains ◽  
The One

This paper aims to analyse the religious structure and its evolution in the Apuseni Mountains (Romania). Thusly, we employed statistical data from three distinct population censuses, the first one being the Austro-Hungarian census of 1880. The next one was the one in 1930, organised by Romanian authorities. Furthermore, it was the first and most important demographic census after the Great Union of 1918. The last census taken into consideration was the one in 2011, the second census of the 21st century. After obtaining the numerical data from the three censuses, we processed it using Microsoft Excel. Three tables were generated, emphasizing the numerical values and the percentages for each religion or confession for each census. The map depicting the geographic location of the study area was developed using GIS technology (ArcGis 10.3). We determined that Christians have been dominating the Apuseni Mountains and the Orthodox faith had and still has the most adherents. Likewise, the political-administrative factor heavily influenced census operations and also produced imbalances in the religious structure, especially after the 1948 abolition of the monarchy.

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