scholarly journals The Effect of Discharge Rejected Brine into the Surface Water on the coast of Port Sudan city

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-117
Author(s):  
Mustafa SirElkhatim
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Temperature Conductivity ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Baseline Study ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Desalination Plants ◽  
Continuous Discharge

The general aim of this study is to focus on the effects of discharge reject brine into the surface water in Port Sudan city. It considers a baseline study in Port Sudan. Three samples of water were taken from sea land lagoon by using TCD (Temperature, Conductivity and Depth) device, and sample from open sea (Abu Hashish). All samples were collected during summer and winter seasons. The results showed a significant increase in salinity 39.13 – 49.86 , 39.91- 47.45 , 38.62 - 38.87 , 38.48 – 39.27 psu respectively, of the surface water when mixed with the discharge reject brine, this will absolutely affect the marine life. Also, the continuous discharge of rejected brine into water near the intake desalination plants will affect the characteristics of the feed water.

Feed water pretreatment for desalination plants

Desalination ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 264 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Sutzkover-Gutman ◽  
David Hasson
Keyword(s):  
Feed Water ◽  
Water Pretreatment ◽  
Desalination Plants

scholarly journals Tuberculous lesions in pig lymph nodes caused by kaolin fed as a supplement

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Matlova ◽  
L. Dvorska ◽  
M. Bartos ◽  
J. Docekal ◽  
M. Trckova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Slaughtered Pigs

An increased incidence of tuberculous lesions in head and mesenteric lymph nodes from slaughtered pigs weighing about 115 kg was recorded in a herd of pigs kept in two farms A and B in the CzechRepublic. Tuberculous lesions were more frequently (P < 0.01) diagnosed in pigs from Farm A (10.4%) than from Farm B (1.1%). The follow-up investigation of potential sources of infection on Farm A revealed that the piglets were fed kaolin from a nearby mine as a supplement. Among 20 samples from the pigs’ environment, atypical conditionally pathogenic mycobacteria (ACPM) were detected in four samples as follows: dust (n = 2), pig faeces (n = 1) and kaolin fed as a supplement (n = 1). Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis of genotype IS901– and IS1245+ and serotype 8 was isolated from kaolin and pig lymph nodes, M. fortuitum from stable dust and pig faeces and other ACPM from stable dust. When kaolin feeding to piglets ceased, the incidence of tuberculous lesions in these pigs at slaughter 5–6 months later decreased from 16.1% to 3.4%. No ACPM was detected on Farm B in 27 samples from the environment. An investigation of surface kaolin mines did not detect mycobacteria in non-extracted kaolin. However, surface water (three isolates among 13 samples) from the pond used for kaolin levigation and 23 batches of the final product of kaolin (10 samples from each batch, i.e. a total of 230 samples were examined) were contaminated with ACPM. Among the latter, ACPM were isolated from three samples originating from three different batches. ACPM were likely to survive during transport of the kaolin, as a suspension through the pipeline, and during its further processing to the final product (sedimentation, addition of colloid substances, drying and other procedures).

scholarly journals Elution Is a Critical Step for Recovering Human Adenovirus 40 from Tap Water and Surface Water by Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (16) ◽  
pp. 4982-4993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hang Shi ◽  
Irene Xagoraraki ◽  
Kristin N. Parent ◽  
Merlin L. Bruening ◽  
Volodymyr V. Tarabara
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Hydrophobic Interactions ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Eluent Composition ◽  
Cross Flow Filtration

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the recovery of the enteric adenovirus human adenovirus 40 (HAdV 40) by cross-flow ultrafiltration and interprets recovery values in terms of physicochemical interactions of virions during sample concentration. Prior to ultrafiltration, membranes were either blocked by exposure to calf serum (CS) or coated with a polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM). HAdV 40 is a hydrophobic virus with a point of zero charge between pH 4.0 and pH 4.3. In accordance with predictions from the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory, the preelution recovery of HAdV (rpre) from deionized water was higher with PEM-coated membranes (rprePEM= 74.8% ± 9.7%) than with CS-blocked membranes (rpreCS= 54.1% ± 6.2%). With either membrane type, the total virion recovery after elution (rpost) was high for both deionized water (rpostPEM= 99.5% ± 6.6% andrpostCS= 98.8% ± 7.7%) and tap water (rpostPEM= 89% ± 15% andrpostCS= 93.7% ± 6.9%). The nearly 100% recoveries suggest that the polyanion (sodium polyphosphate) and surfactant (Tween 80) in the eluent disrupt electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between the virion and the membrane. Addition of EDTA to the eluent greatly improved the elution efficacy (rpostCS= 88.6% ± 4.3% andrpostPEM= 87.0% ± 6.9%) with surface water, even when the organic carbon concentration in the water was high (9.4 ± 0.1 mg/liter). EDTA likely disrupts cation bridging between virions and particles in the feed water matrix or the fouling layer on the membrane surface. For complex water matrices, the eluent composition is the most important factor for achieving high virion recovery.IMPORTANCEHerein we present the results of a comprehensive physicochemical characterization of HAdV 40, an important human pathogen. The data on HAdV 40 surface properties enabled rigorous modeling to gain an understanding of the energetics of virion-virion and virion-filter interactions. Cross-flow filtration for concentration and recovery of HAdV 40 was evaluated, with postelution recoveries from ultrapure water (99%), tap water (∼91%), and high-carbon-content surface water (∼84%) being demonstrated. These results are significant because of the very low adenovirus recoveries that have been reported, to date, for other methods. The recovery data were interpreted in terms of specific interactions, and the eluent composition was designed accordingly to maximize HAdV 40 recovery.

Fate of steroid hormone micropollutant estradiol in a hybrid magnetic ion exchange resin-nanofiltration process

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 630
Author(s):  
Alessandra Imbrogno ◽  
Prantik Samanta ◽  
Andrea I. Schäfer
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Magnetic Ion

Environmental contextContamination of surface water by micropollutants is a major environmental concern because of their high persistence and toxicity. Micropollutants are only partially removed in nanofiltration water treatment systems, encouraging the investigation of more complex systems involving partitioning with membrane materials, organic matter and ion exchange resins. This study elucidates the micropollutant partitioning mechanisms in this complex water treatment system. AbstractThe accumulation of micropollutants, such as steroid hormones, in magnetic ion exchange resin-nanofiltration (MIEX-NF) poses a risk to the environmental contamination of surface water where the treated water is discharged. In this study, the partitioning of the steroid hormone estradiol (E2) with humic acid (HA), MIEX and the membrane is investigated at different feed water conditions (e.g. pH and presence of calcium). The transport and adsorption of E2 in NF is not affected significantly by the E2-HA interaction. Indeed, E2 partitions with HA between 8% and 25% at different pH. This is attributed to the presence of calcium ions, which reduces the number of HA molecules available to interact with E2 molecules. The calcium interference is evident especially at pH>10, where calcite and HA precipitate to result in irreversible membrane fouling. In the hybrid MIEX-NF process, the E2-MIEX interaction occurs at all pH conditions. Approximately 40% of the E2 total mass partitions with MIEX. This is significantly higher than E2 accumulation in NF. Since the partitioning is at least partially reversible, this poses a risk for accidental E2 release into the process streams.

Nanofiltration membrane fouling by conventionally treated surface water

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
R. Liikanen ◽  
H. Kiuru ◽  
T. Tuhkanen ◽  
M. Nyström
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Water Characteristics ◽  
Treatment Train ◽  
Water Constituents ◽  
Filtration Unit ◽  
And Control ◽  
Chemical Water

Nanofiltration is a very effective technique for improving the removal of trace organics after a conventional chemical water treatment train. However, the fouling of the membranes decreases the applicability of the process, and thus, an understanding and control of membrane fouling are crucial for a more widespread use of nanofiltration in water treatment. The fouling of different nanofiltration membranes by pre-treated surface waters was investigated in a laboratory-scale filtration unit in this study. The results indicate that the traditional chemical treatment does not remove membrane foulants from the surface water. No correlation was found between the feed water constituents and nanofiltration performance, but most feed water components are expected to interact in membrane fouling. Actually, the performance of the nanofiltration process was more related to membrane than to feed water characteristics.

scholarly journals Application of Cation-Coated Filter Method to Detection of Noroviruses, Enteroviruses, Adenoviruses, and Torque Teno Viruses in the Tamagawa River in Japan

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 2403-2411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiji Haramoto ◽  
Hiroyuki Katayama ◽  
Kumiko Oguma ◽  
Shinichiro Ohgaki
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Filter Method ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Direct Pcr ◽  
Hepatitis Viruses ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Positive Ratio ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Genotype 2 ◽  
Taqman Pcr

ABSTRACT The occurrence of human enteric viruses in surface water in the Tamagawa River, Japan, was surveyed for 1 year, from April 2003 to March 2004. Sixty-four samples were collected from six sites along the river, and 500 ml of the sample was concentrated using the cation-coated filter method, which was developed in our previous study. This method showed recovery yields of 56% ± 32% (n = 37) for surface water samples inoculated with polioviruses. More than one kind of tested virus was detected in 43 (67%) of 64 samples by TaqMan PCR. Noroviruses and adenoviruses were detected in a high positive ratio; 34 (53%), 28 (44%), and 29 (45%) of 64 samples were positive for norovirus genotype 1 and genotype 2 and adenoviruses, respectively. The mean concentrations of norovirus genotype 1 or genotype 2 determined by real-time PCR were 0.087 and 0.61 genome/ml, respectively, showing much higher values in winter (0.21 genome/ml for genotype 1 and 2.3 genomes/ml for genotype 2). Enteroviruses were detected by both direct PCR (6 of 64 samples; 9%) and cell culture PCR (2 of 64 samples; 3%). Torque teno viruses, emerging hepatitis viruses, were also isolated in three samples (5%). The concentration of total coliforms and the presence of F-specific phages showed a high correlation with the presence of viruses, which suggested that the simultaneous use of total coliforms and F-specific phages as indicators of surface water may work to monitor viral contamination.

scholarly journals The Sea Otter

Oryx ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl W. Kenyon
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Sea Otter ◽  
River Otter ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Insulating Layer ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Pacific Waters ◽  
Fur Seal

In general form the sea otter, Enhydra lutris resembles the weasel and river otter, of which animals it is a large relative. The male attains a weight of 85 pounds, the female about 65 pounds; the young at birth weigh from 3 to 5 pounds. It is peculiar among members of its family, the Mustelidae, in having deserted dry land and fresh water to take up a marine life. Among marine mammals it is peculiar in its adaptation to the sea. It does not possess an insulating layer of blubber but is protected from the chill of North Pacific waters by a blanket of air trapped among the fine and closely packed fibres of its inch-long delicate fur. Unlike the river otter and fur seal, the sea otter has but little protective coating of guard hair. The fine guard hairs present add to its beauty but do not offer much protection to the soft under-fur. Unlike other maring mammals, the sea otter has never taken to the open sea. It usually feeds in shallow water from 5 to 50 feet in depth. Its food consist primarily of such sedentary forms as sea urchins, rock oysters, mussels, a variety of snail-like molluscs and, in California, abalones. Occasionally fish and octopus are eaten.

scholarly journals Construccion de un prototipo anaerobio para el tratamiento de aguas residuales

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-41
Author(s):  
José Alberto Rodriguez-Morales ◽  
Gabriela Guadalupe Silva- Garcia ◽  
Miguel Ángel Ramos-Lopez ◽  
Janet Ledesma-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Fats And Oils ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Temperature Conductivity ◽  
Effluent Sample ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Stabilization Period

It has been proposed systems that adapt economically and technically to the conditions of most places that have a considerable water consumption. The work consisted of an anaerobic biological reactor in which the treatment of domestic wastewater was carried out. Sedimentation characteristics of the activated sludge were achieved after the second stabilization period. Throughout the treatment three samples were characterized (key, effluent and influent) in three times of hydraulic retention, of which were analyzed: pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity, SST and COD. Additionally, the samples were analyzed in the laboratory to determine COD, BOD5, fats and oils, and fecal coliforms. With the designed system removal percentages higher than 45% (key sample) and 34% (effluent sample) were obtained for COD and greater than 71% (key sample) and 57% (effluent sample) for SST. The parameters analyzed met the maximum permissible limits established in NOM-003-SEMARNAT-1997 and in PROY-NOM-001-Semarnat-2017. A filtration system was installed that increased the percentages of removal in the treated samples reaching a better water quality. Chlorine was also added to ensure the elimination of fecal coliforms.

Fate of Animal Viruses in Effluent from Liquid Farm Wastes

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. DERBYSHIRE
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Liquid Manure ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
On Farm

Various aspects of viral pollution of the environment associated with disposal of liquid farm manure on agricultural land are being investigated. Techniques have been developed for concentration and recovery of animal viruses from various field samples. Seventeen of 22 samples of liquid manure from a swine fattening house yielded enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and a coronavirus. One enterovirus was isolated from six samples of waste from a swine farrowing house, but no virus was isolated from 18 samples of liquid cattle manure obtained from a dairy farm. A swine enterovirus was isolated from surface soil samples collected up to 8 days after liquid manure was spread on agricultural land. A swine enterovirus was also isolated from 2 of 26 samples of surface run-off collected from sites at which liquid pig manure was routinely spread on agricultural land. Thirty three samples of surface water and 36 samples of ground water were collected in areas in which liquid pig manure was routinely spread on farm land, and a swine enterovirus was isolated from one surface water sample. Field and laboratory experiments indicated that enteroviruses are more rapidly inactivated in aerated liquid manure than in untreated manure.

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