Vertical and small-scale horizontal distribution of cephalopods in the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-356
Author(s):  
Jared Richards ◽  
Michael Vecchione
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Zone ◽  
Diel Vertical Migration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Horizontal Distribution ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Mid Atlantic Ridge ◽  
Migratory Patterns

In summer 2009, NOAA surveyed the nekton fauna of the fracture zone on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge halfway between Iceland and the Azores as a small-scale follow-up to a previous large-scale Norwegian expedition. Midwater sampling with a Norwegian Krill Trawl resulted in 64 discrete-depth samples from 12 stations at depths from near-surface to 3000 m. Seven additional bottom samples were collected with a large trawl at depths of 2000–3500 m. The expedition collected 416 cephalopods in ca. 19 species in the vicinity of the fracture zone. Over 50 hrs of ROV video from the Norwegian expedition was also viewed to determine diel migratory patterns of the most common species of cephalopod in the region, Gonatus steenstrupi, for comparison with the NOAA trawl data. We found that trawl stations southeast of the Subpolar Front were generally most diverse. Cluster analysis showed that midwater trawls were more similar in species composition than bottom trawls. Unlike in the ROV observations, the small G. steenstrupi from trawl samples did not appear to participate in diel vertical migration, suggesting that trawl-caught juveniles are ecologically distinct from those visible in submersible videos.

scholarly journals Development of Skill Assessment Instrument Service Volly 6th Grade in Physical Education

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 634-641
Author(s):  
Moh. Noer ◽  
Ali Maksum ◽  
Anung Priambodo
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Skill Assessment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Service Reliability ◽  
School Students ◽  
Assessment Guidelines ◽  
Initial Attitude

This research aims to develop instruments for assessing lower and upper service engineering skills in volleyball games for 6th-grade students in elementary schools. This research uses research and development methods, with the following development steps: (1) information gathering in the field, (2) analyze the information collected, (3) developing initial products, (4) expert validation and revision, (5) small-scale trials and revisions, (6) large-scale trials and revisions, (7) manufacturing of final products. The subject of this research is 6th-grade students of elementary students. Data analysis for the validity test was carried out with CVR (content validity ratio) and reliability using Alpha Cronbach. This research resulted in a handbook of instrument assessment tools for service techniques of lower and upper service in volleyball games for 6th-grade elementary school students, which contained instructions for use, student assignments sheets, assessment guidelines, assessment rubrics, and scoring tables, which have high validity. (1) And under service reliability initial attitude: r = 0.975, implementation: r = 0.961, follow-up motion: r = 0, 955. Upper Service for initial attitude: r = 0.961, implementation: r = 0.974, follow-up motion: r = 0.989.

scholarly journals Physical Transport Processes that Affect the Distribution of Oil in the Gulf of Mexico: Observations and Modeling

Oceanography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-75
Author(s):  
Michel Boufadel ◽  
◽  
Annalisa Bracco ◽  
Eric Chassignet ◽  
Shuyi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Surface Mixed Layer ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Wide Range

Physical transport processes such as the circulation and mixing of waters largely determine the spatial distribution of materials in the ocean. They also establish the physical environment within which biogeochemical and other processes transform materials, including naturally occurring nutrients and human-made contaminants that may sustain or harm the region’s living resources. Thus, understanding and modeling the transport and distribution of materials provides a crucial substrate for determining the effects of biological, geological, and chemical processes. The wide range of scales in which these physical processes operate includes microscale droplets and bubbles; small-scale turbulence in buoyant plumes and the near-surface “mixed” layer; submesoscale fronts, convergent and divergent flows, and small eddies; larger mesoscale quasi-geostrophic eddies; and the overall large-scale circulation of the Gulf of Mexico and its interaction with the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea; along with air-sea interaction on longer timescales. The circulation and mixing processes that operate near the Gulf of Mexico coasts, where most human activities occur, are strongly affected by wind- and river-induced currents and are further modified by the area’s complex topography. Gulf of Mexico physical processes are also characterized by strong linkages between coastal/shelf and deeper offshore waters that determine connectivity to the basin’s interior. This physical connectivity influences the transport of materials among different coastal areas within the Gulf of Mexico and can extend to adjacent basins. Major advances enabled by the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative in the observation, understanding, and modeling of all of these aspects of the Gulf’s physical environment are summarized in this article, and key priorities for future work are also identified.

scholarly journals Classroom-based cognitive behavioural therapy: a large-scale non-randomised controlled trial of the ‘Journey of the Brave’

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Urao ◽  
Ikuyo Ohira ◽  
Takako Koshiba ◽  
Shin-ichi Ishikawa ◽  
Yasunori Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Anxiety Score ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural

Abstract Background In Japan, ‘Journey of the Brave’, a cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)-based anxiety preventive education programme, was previously developed and its effectiveness examined in two small-scale controlled trials. These studies had some limitations, including a small number of participants and not having regular classroom teachers as programme facilitators. Therefore, we conducted a large-scale controlled trial, with teachers as programme implementers. Methods Twenty-seven elementary schools participated: 1622 and 1123 children were allocated to the intervention and control groups, respectively. The intervention group received a programme comprising ten 45-min sessions, while the control group underwent the regular school curriculum. Anxiety symptoms among participants were assessed using the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS) at three stages (pre-intervention, post-intervention, and follow-up). Results Following primary analysis, estimated mean changes in SCAS from baseline to follow-up were − 4.91 (95% CI − 5.91, − 3.90) in the intervention group and − 2.53 (95% CI − 3.52, − 1.54) in the control group; the group difference was 2.37 (95% CI 1.42, 3.33, p < 0.0001). Children in the intervention group showed significant reduction in their anxiety score versus children in the control group. Conclusions The results showed a statistically significant anxiety score reduction in the intervention group, thus verifying the programme’s effectiveness. Trial registration The University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN): UMIN000032517. Registered 10 May 2018—Retrospectively registered, https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000037083

scholarly journals A Review of Actuation Force in Origami Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 627-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Wu ◽  
T. H. Chen ◽  
H. Y. Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Assembly Systems ◽  
Actuation Force ◽  
Paper Folding ◽  
Aerospace Systems ◽  
External Forces

ABSTRACTOrigami, the ancient paper folding art has inspired the engineering equipment and design for decades. The basic concept of origami is very general, which leads to applications ranging from small scale to large scale. Recently, researchers are interested in being able to create self-folding structures. Such a structure enables kinematic manipulation by external forces or moments without folding and/or unfolding operations. This is a beneficial application for many fields including aerospace systems, robots, small devices and self-assembly systems. In this paper, the investigation and analyses of the previous literatures on the key driving force of the actuation structure, including the heat, light, electricity, gas and other actuation methods. The aims are to provide researchers and practitioners with the support to systematically understand the latest technologies in this important and evolving field, with inspiration and direction for follow-up.

scholarly journals Limitations of using a thermal imager for snow pit temperatures

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schirmer ◽  
B. Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Thermal Structure ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Thermal Imager ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
Ir Camera ◽  
Near Surface

Abstract. Driven by temperature gradients, kinetic snow metamorphism plays an import role in avalanche formation. When gradients based on temperatures measured 10 cm apart appear to be insufficient for kinetic metamorphism, faceting close to a crust can be observed. Recent studies that visualised small-scale (< 10 cm) thermal structures in a profile of snow layers with an infrared (IR) camera produced interesting results. The studies found melt-freeze crusts to be warmer or cooler than the surrounding snow depending on the large-scale gradient direction. However, an important assumption within these studies was that a thermal photo of a freshly exposed snow pit was similar enough to the internal temperature of the snow. In this study, we tested this assumption by recording thermal videos during the exposure of the snow pit wall. In the first minute, the results showed increasing gradients with time, both at melt-freeze crusts and artificial surface structures such as shovel scours. Cutting through a crust with a cutting blade or shovel produced small concavities (holes) even when the objective was to cut a planar surface. Our findings suggest there is a surface structure dependency of the thermal image, which was only observed at times during a strong cooling/warming of the exposed pit wall. We were able to reproduce the hot-crust/cold-crust phenomenon and relate it entirely to surface structure in a temperature-controlled cold laboratory. Concave areas cooled or warmed more slowly compared with convex areas (bumps) when applying temperature differences between snow and air. This can be explained by increased radiative and/or turbulent energy transfer at convex areas. Thermal videos suggest that such processes influence the snow temperature within seconds. Our findings show the limitations of using a thermal camera for measuring pit-wall temperatures, particularly during windy conditions, clear skies and large temperature differences between air and snow. At crusts or other heterogeneities, we were unable to create a sufficiently planar snow pit surface and non-internal gradients appeared at the exposed surface. The immediate adjustment of snow pit temperature as it reacts with the atmosphere complicates the capture of the internal thermal structure of a snowpack with thermal videos. Instead, the shown structural dependency of the IR signal may be used to detect structural changes of snow caused by kinetic metamorphism. The IR signal can also be used to measure near surface temperatures in a homogenous new snow layer.

scholarly journals Detection of non-affine shape outliers for matched-pair shape data

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Katina
Keyword(s):  
Outlier Detection ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Scar Tissue ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Affine Subspaces ◽  
Cleft Lip Palate ◽  
Shape Data

ABSTRACT Cleft lip/palate (CLP) is a relatively common birth defect so dis- figuring that nowadays it is almost always corrected surgically as early as possible. The postnatal surgical correction does not, however, result in a normally growing upper jaw, but instead, owing to scar tissue, one that grows abnormally. It is important to decide if a clinical treatment group is homogeneous. The example involves data from digitally processed lateral X-ray films of 48 boys who have complete unilateral CLP but no other malformation. 22 landmarks were represented by their Procrustes shape coordinates, principal components of matched- pair differences were examined, and the distribution of the 48 shape changes was studied for outliers in the affine and non-affine subspaces of the full Procrustes shape and form space. To separate outliers from inliers we use bagplots. There are no outliers apparent in the affine subspace. In the non-affine subspaces, we found no outliers in the subspace of bending patterns at large scale but four out- liers in the subspace of local changes at small scale. Almost the same outliers were found by form-space PCA. These latter are associated with possible creases of the corresponding thin-plate splines. In those cases we can use the same spline formalism to relax the outlying form to an inlier by optimal relaxation along the curve d´ecolletage that weighs bending energy against Procrustes distance and stop relaxation on the fence. These maneuvers suggest a possibly novel and interesting fusion of the Procrustes-spline toolkit with outlier detection. They also have practical implications for craniofacial management of CLP follow-up as well as suggestive implications for outlier detection in applied craniometrics and anthropometrics more generally.

scholarly journals Effective Isentropic Diffusivity of Tropospheric Transport

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 3499-3520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Chen ◽  
Alan Plumb
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Effective Diffusivity ◽  
Eddy Diffusivity ◽  
Finite Amplitude ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Diffusion Scheme ◽  
Finite Amplitude Wave Activity

Abstract Tropospheric transport can be described qualitatively by the slow mean diabatic circulation and rapid isentropic mixing, yet a quantitative understanding of the transport circulation is complicated, as nearly half of the isentropic surfaces in the troposphere frequently intersect the ground. A theoretical framework for the effective isentropic diffusivity of tropospheric transport is presented. Compared with previous isentropic analysis of effective diffusivity, a new diagnostic is introduced to quantify the eddy diffusivity of the near-surface isentropic flow. This diagnostic also links the effective eddy diffusivity directly to a diffusive closure of eddy fluxes through a finite-amplitude wave activity equation. The theory is examined in a dry primitive equation model on the sphere. It is found that the upper troposphere is characterized by a diffusivity minimum at the jet’s center with enhanced mixing at the jet’s flanks and that the lower troposphere is dominated by stronger mixing throughout the baroclinic zone. This structure of isentropic diffusivity is generally consistent with the diffusivity obtained from the geostrophic component of the flow. Furthermore, the isentropic diffusivity agrees broadly with the tracer equivalent length obtained from either a spectral diffusion scheme or a semi-Lagrangian advection scheme, indicating that the effective diffusivity of tropospheric transport is largely dictated by large-scale stirring rather than details of the small-scale diffusion acting on the tracers.

scholarly journals Limitations of using a thermal imager for snow pit temperatures

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 5231-5253
Author(s):  
M. Schirmer ◽  
B. Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Thermal Structure ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Thermal Imager ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
Ir Camera ◽  
Near Surface

Abstract. Driven by temperature gradients, kinetic snow metamorphism is important for avalanche formation. Even when gradients appear to be insufficient for kinetic metamorphism, based on temperatures measured 10 cm apart, faceting close to a~crust can still be observed. Recent studies that visualized small scale (< 10 cm) thermal structures in a profile of snow layers with an infrared (IR) camera produced interesting results. The studies found melt-freeze crusts to be warmer or cooler than the surrounding snow depending on the large scale gradient direction. However, an important assumption within the studies was that a thermal photo of a freshly exposed snow pit was similar enough to the internal temperature of the snow. In this study, we tested this assumption by recording thermal videos during the exposure of the snow pit wall. In the first minute, the results showed increasing gradients with time, both at melt-freeze crusts and at artificial surface structures such as shovel scours. Cutting through a crust with a cutting blade or a shovel produced small concavities (holes) even when the objective was to cut a planar surface. Our findings suggest there is a surface structure dependency of the thermal image, which is only observed at times with large temperature differences between air and snow. We were able to reproduce the hot-crust/cold-crust phenomenon and relate it entirely to surface structure in a temperature-controlled cold laboratory. Concave areas cooled or warmed slower compared with convex areas (bumps) when applying temperature differences between snow and air. This can be explained by increased radiative transfer or convection by air at convex areas. Thermal videos suggest that such processes influence the snow temperature within seconds. Our findings show the limitations of the use of a thermal camera for measuring pit-wall temperatures, particularly in scenarios where large gradients exist between air and snow and the interaction of snow pit and atmospheric temperatures are enhanced. At crusts or other heterogeneities, we were unable to create a sufficiently homogenous snow pit surface and non-internal gradients appeared at the exposed surface. The immediate adjustment of snow pit temperature as it reacts with the atmosphere complicates the capture of the internal thermal structure of a snowpack even with thermal videos. Instead, the shown structural dependency of the IR signal may be used to detect structural changes of snow caused by kinetic metamorphism. The IR signal can also be used to measure near surface temperatures in a homogenous new snow layer.

scholarly journals The chemical transport model Oslo CTM3

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1441-1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Søvde ◽  
M. J. Prather ◽  
I. S. A. Isaksen ◽  
T. K. Berntsen ◽  
F. Stordal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Chemical Transport ◽  
Horizontal Distribution ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Polar Cap ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Transport Time ◽  
Fractional Cloud

Abstract. We present here the global chemical transport model Oslo CTM3, an update of the Oslo CTM2. The update comprises a faster transport scheme, an improved wet scavenging scheme for large scale rain, updated photolysis rates and a new lightning parameterization. Oslo CTM3 is better parallelized and allows for stable, large time steps for advection, enabling more complex or high spatial resolution simulations. A new treatment of the horizontal distribution of lightning is presented and found to compare well with measurements. The vertical distribution of lightning is updated and found to be a large contributor to CTM2–CTM3 differences, producing more NOx in the tropical middle troposphere, and less at the surface and at high altitudes. Compared with Oslo CTM2, Oslo CTM3 is faster, more capable and has better conceptual models for scavenging, vertical transport and fractional cloud cover. CTM3 captures stratospheric O3 better than CTM2, but shows minor improvements in terms of matching atmospheric observations in the troposphere. Use of the same meteorology to drive the two models shows that some features related to transport are better resolved by the CTM3, such as polar cap transport, while features like transport close to the vortex edge are resolved better in the Oslo CTM2 due to its required shorter transport time step. The longer transport time steps in CTM3 result in larger errors, e.g., near the jets, and when necessary the errors can be reduced by using a shorter time step. Using a time step of 30 min, the new transport scheme captures both large-scale and small-scale variability in atmospheric circulation and transport, with no loss of computational efficiency. We present a version of the new transport scheme which has been specifically tailored for polar studies, resulting in more accurate polar cap transport than the standard CTM3 transport, confirmed by comparison to satellite observations. Inclusion of tropospheric sulfur chemistry and nitrate aerosols in CTM3 is shown to be important to reproduce tropospheric O3, OH and the CH4 lifetime well.

scholarly journals Regulatory mechanisms of group distributions in a gregarious arthropod

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 150428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Broly ◽  
Romain Mullier ◽  
Cédric Devigne ◽  
Jean-Louis Deneubourg
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Homogeneous Set ◽  
Set Up

In a patchy environment, how social animals manage conspecific and environmental cues in their choice of habitat is a leading issue for understanding their spatial distribution and their exploitation of resources. Here, we experimentally tested the effects of environmental heterogeneities (artificial shelters) and some of their characteristics (size and fragmentation) on the aggregation process of a common species of terrestrial isopod (Crustacea). One hundred individuals were introduced into three different heterogeneous set-ups and in a homogeneous set-up. In the four set-ups, the populations split into two aggregates: one large (approx. 70 individuals) and one smaller (approx. 20 individuals). These aggregates were not randomly distributed in the arena but were formed diametrically opposite from one another. The similarity of the results among the four set-ups shows that under experimental conditions, the environmental heterogeneities have a low impact on the aggregation dynamics and spatial patterns of the isopod, merely serving to increase the probability of nucleation of the larger aggregation at these points. By contrast, the regulation of aggregate sizes and the regular distribution of groups are signatures of local amplification processes, in agreement with the short-range activator and long-range inhibitor model (scale-dependent feedbacks). In other words, we show how small-scale interactions may govern large-scale spatial patterns. This experimental illustration of spatial self-organization is an important step towards comprehension of the complex game of competition among groups in social species.

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