Cengiz Han’ın İktisat Düşüncesi ve Mirası

2021 ◽  
pp. 149-170
Author(s):  
Mehmet Tuğrul ◽  
Cem Korkut
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
World History ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The World ◽  
Single State ◽  
Mongol Empire

"The first date the Mongolian name was used in historical sources is the VII. century. Mongols were considered an insignificant tribe in this period. The use of the Mongolian name as a state and dynasty coincides with the period of Genghis Khan. Mongols had very close relations with the Turks during the periods when they emerged as a political power, and these two nations were influenced by each other in many ways during the Great Hun, Göktürks and Uyghurs periods. The period when the Mongols played their main role in the world history scene was during the Mongol Empire established by Temüjin. Temüjin gathered the Mongol tribes under a single state administration and received the title of Genghis Khan. The spreading momentum at the time of Genghis Khan enabled the Mongols to establish one of the largest empires in history. So much so that this empire dominated about a quarter of the world. Most researchers tend to explain these expansionist activities of Genghis Khan and his legacy for the successors with barbarism and brute force. However, this explanation is inadequate not only in many respects but also in terms of understanding Genghis Khan’s economic activities and the administrative system he established. The most important reason for this is that the sources related to Genghis Khan period are mostly insufficient. In this study, existing sources will be examined from the perspective of economic history. In addition, the Laws of Genghis Khan (Yassa) will be analyzed in terms of economy. This study analyzes the economic activities of Genghis Khan and the economic structure of the Mongol Empire at that time."

The Mongol Empire and the Unification of Eurasia

2021 ◽  
pp. 507-532
Author(s):  
Nikolay P. Kradin
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
World History ◽  
Global Communication ◽  
Bubonic Plague ◽  
The West ◽  
Old World ◽  
Technological Growth ◽  
The World ◽  
Age Of Discovery ◽  
Mongol Empire

The Mongolian polity was the greatest pre-industrial empire, and second in the world history after the British Empire. It was established by the out-of-nowhere people of pastoral nomads. Nevertheless, the Mongolian Empire has played a great role in the world. Its founder, Genghis Khan, was even named the man of the second millennium. After termination of the murderous conquests, the Mongols became the trigger for building the global communication system in which gas stimulated the technological, cultural, and ideological exchanges between the civilizations of the Old World and contributed indirectly to the bubonic plague. The medieval Mongolian globalization laid the groundwork for subsequent technological growth, the age of discovery, and the rise of the West.

Problems of Japanese Economic History

1963 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-628
Author(s):  
Sydney Crawcour
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
American Counterpart ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

The economic history of the underdeveloped areas of the world, insofar as it has been written at all, has been written mainly by Western scholars. In the field of economic history, at any rate, Japan is far from underdeveloped. She has more economic historians per thousand academics than any other country in the world. Roughly a quarter of all faculty members of departments of economics are economic historians. Others are to be found in departments of history, in social science research institutes, and in faculties of agriculture, law, and even engineering. Even the local amateur antiquarian is far more interested in the economic activities of his forebears than is his European or American counterpart.

scholarly journals Ottoman Institutions and Legal Regulations in 19th Century Bulgarian Economy; A Review Based on Institutional Economics

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-458
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the 19th century, developments took place in many areas around the world. The industrialization process has accelerated in the world, production scales have increased, and the economic integration process has started. With the globalization of trade, the boundaries became less visible, and entrepreneurs could trade freely in different parts of the world. In this article, the extent to which the economic activities on the Bulgarian territory could be integrated into the world trade in the 19th century, the political and financial institutions of the Ottoman Empire, and the legal arrangements that affected the welfare of the Bulgarian people will be discussed. In making this discussion, the basis of institutional economic thought will be examined, and the effects of the institutions of the Ottoman Empire on the economic structure of Bulgaria will be reviewed. Did the Ottoman Empire, expressed in the terms of institutional economics, constitute inclusive institutions or exploitative institutions in economic activities on the territory of Bulgaria? This discussion will be more explanatory under four main headings. These are; traditional institutions, tax regulations, financial institutions, and legal regulations. Thus, the effects of the Ottoman Empire on the economic structure in the territory of Bulgaria will become more pronounced.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF BUSINESS EDUCATION IN REPOSITIONING THE AILING GLOBAL ECONOMY CAUSED BY COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-57
Author(s):  
Patrick Oche ◽  
Obeten Ukabi ◽  
Akputu Odey
Keyword(s):  
Business Education ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

The sudden outbreak of covid-19 pandemic was indeed a phenomenal disaster that crippled the productive sectors and economic activities of nations. The incremental and consequential economic effects placed the global economy on a depressed position, as the world is presently witnessing the greatest economic recession and depression as never experienced in the economic history of the world. The overall aftermath was high business mortality rate, increasing rate of unemployment, reduction in, and irregular payment of workers salaries, high retrenchment of workers, increase in poverty lines leading to organized crimes, and sundry. However, the main thrust of this academic discourse was to examine the role of Business Education (BE) in repositioning the ailing global economy caused by covid-19, via review of related research literature. BE as an academic programme is strategically positioned to inculcate the economic orientation, survival and functional skills necessary in raising the relevant manpower that will in turn serve as key drivers in the repositioning of global economy. In lieu of the above, this study explicates on conceptual clarifications, BE as economic survival strategy, and in global economic repositioning in covid-19 era, issues in BE were also illuminated upon and a few recommendations made.

scholarly journals N.A. Berdyaev and M. Scheler: Philosophical and Anthropological Approaches to the Problem of Theodicy

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 143-159
Author(s):  
Kirill A. Martemianov
Keyword(s):  
Religious Orientation ◽  
World History ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Max Scheler ◽  
Main Obstacle ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
The World ◽  
God's Call ◽  
Insight Into

The article considers the approaches to theodicy’s problem of Russian and German philosophers with clear religious orientation: Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev and Max Scheler. However, for more explicit insight into our topic we found, the article provides the general overview of theodicy tradition (Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Leibniz). Standpoints of these thinkers living in different epochs are linked by the steady belief in a reasonability of the world created by God. The main obstacle to acceptance of this argumentation is the problem of evil’s existence. The way of thinking that has the goal to demonstrate the world’s perfectness presumes either necessity of evil as a mean (for good’s revealing) or the evil’s insignificance or even its illusiveness, which is the result of “too human” perspective. Such ways of thought have become impossible since the second half of 19th century, when the concrete person’s experience (not a separated from it thought) had been recognized as a main source of philosophy. In Russian culture, this attitude became widespread after F.M. Dostoevsky, in German culture – after F. Nietzsche. Berdyaev and Scheler inherit the impulse of their thought. Distinctive feature of religious philosophies of Berdyaev and Scheler (compared to early Christian and Western philosophical and theological traditions) is conceptualization of the assertion of God’s need in human being, for God is in the process of becoming, is in the inner move toward full self-realization. And human being, who is capable to adopt or to reject the God’s “call,” is the crucial stage of God’s formation. For this tradition of theodicy, exactly human creative act and the direction of this act have the main role in world history.

Economic Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic: Who are the Big Sufferers?

2020 ◽  
pp. 320-326
Keyword(s):  
Informal Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
The World ◽  
Daily Wage ◽  
Liberalisation Policy ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

The COVID-19 pandemic identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019, has spread almost to all the countries of the world. The mitigation measures imposed by most of the nations to prevent the spread of COVID-19 have badly hit the global economic activities. As per the latest estimates, the world economy is predicted to decline by 5.2 percent, and world trade is expected to drop by 13-32 percent in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this way it has created havoc in the world economy and the Indian economy is no exception. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has estimated the Indian GDP growth at 1.9 percent and showed the worst growth performance of India after the liberalisation policy of 1991. According to the World Bank, the Indian economy will contract by 3.2 percent in 2020-21. Daily wage labourers and other informal workers, particularly migrant labourers of economically poor states were the worst hit during the lockdown period and will continue to be adversely affected even after the lockdown was relaxed. The paper suggested multiple measures to support the Indian economic and financial support to all the families of the informal economy workers to tide over this crisis.

COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND ITS IMPACT ON DYNAMICS OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS, WITH RESPECT TO INDIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Arun Kumar L.S
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The World ◽  
Present Context

International business is essential for the countries to generate Economic growth or to increase in exports and reduce in imports, it encompasses all commercial and economic activities between the nations to promote the ideas, resources, transfer the goods and services, technologies across the national borders. In every country has limited resources therefore a country cannot produce all the goods and services that it requires. The present context of the world, there is imbalance in production and supply factors due to Covid-19 pandemic, which has resulted in market imbalances (demand and supply). The world economy has been hit hard by the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, as on June end more than ten 10 million people around the globe had been affected by this pandemic, India, USA and others are worst hit countries with decrease in GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and increase in unemployment rate. It may be useful to also note that prolonged lockdowns will eventually imply production shortfalls, may lead to increase in unemployment; decrease in demand for products, slowly running out stocks. In recent forecast of World Trade Organisation (WTO) indicated a clear fall in world trade between 13 per cent and 32 per cent in 2020, perhaps the highest fall since the Great Depression of 1930s. India and world can overcome the challenges by specific government fiscal and monetary policies, by providing economic relief packages and increase in employment opportunities by digitalisation in all the sectors of the economy to increase in accountability, convenience, and gross production, and investment, job security to casual labours or migrant workers. These factors may change the world present situation to productive or welfare economy. The purpose of the research paper is to explain Economic and Business crisis, due to covid-19 in present situation in India and the world. KEY WORDS: C0VID-19, GDP, ECONOMY and GLOBAL CRISIS.

“Product Not Available in Pre-War Quantities – but Quality Remains the Same”: Remarks on Advertisements as Historical Sources

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Saryusz-Wolska
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
German Press ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

The article focuses on advertisements as visual and historical sources. The material comes from the German press that appeared immediately after the end of the Second World War. During this time, all kinds of products were scarce. In comparison to this, colorful advertisements of luxury products are more than noteworthy. What do these images tell us about the early post-war years in Germany? The author argues that advertisements are a medium that shapes social norms. Rather than reflecting the historical realities, advertisements construct them. From an aesthetical and cultural point of view, advertisements gave thus a sense of continuity between the pre- and post-war years. The author suggests, therefore, that the advertisements should not be treated as a source for economic history. They are, however, important for studying social developments that occurred in the past.

Actual issues of valuation of businesses of the economic entity

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. V. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Discount Rate ◽  
Accurate Prediction ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Business Valuation ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of

The article summarizes the main approaches in the definition of business valuation the economic entity. In the process of business valuation, taking into account the risks of financial and economic activities necessary to obtain information on what stage the owner implements the business will receive income. The most difficult task is the impossibility of accurate prediction in determining the level of income and the determination of a discount rate capitalization of future incomes due to the instability of the economy, both in the country and around the world.

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