scholarly journals Analysis of exhaust emissions in the real operating conditions of a public transport vehicle with the use of PEMS

Rail Vehicles ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Maciej Bajerlein
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The Real ◽  
Transport Vehicle

W artykule omówiono zagadnienia związane z pomiarem wskaźników pracy silnika oraz parametrów konwencjonalnego autobusu w ruchu. Pomiary wykonano w rzeczywistych warunkach ruchu autobusu miejskiego w Poznaniu. Warto zauważyć, że badania drogowe w rzeczywistych warunkach eksploatacyjnych PEMS (Portable Emissions Monitoring System) są jednym z głównych trendów rozwoju metodologii badań i stopniowo zyskują na znaczeniu. Specyficzne warunki zostały dobrane tak, aby jak najlepiej odzwierciedlić stan faktyczny: ruch zbliżony do ruchu typowego dla zwykłej linii autobusowej (przeciętny ruch na trasach poznańskich). Testy były prowadzone przez dwa dni (piątek i sobotę), charakteryzujące się odpowiednio bardzo dużą i bardzo małą liczbą przewożonych osób oraz dużym i średnim natężeniem ruchu. W trakcie testów silnik i parametry jazdy rejestrowane były w sposób ciągły przesyłane z systemu diagnostycznego pojazdu i GPS. Przedstawiona w artykule metoda badawcza PEMS (badania emisji spalin w warunkach rzeczywistych) może zostać wykorzystana w pomiarze emisji spalin także w pojazdach szynowych o napędzie spalinowym.

scholarly journals Exhaust emissions of an LPG powered vehicle in real operating conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 00053
Author(s):  
Jerzy Merkisz ◽  
Dawid Gallas ◽  
Maciej Siedlecki ◽  
Natalia Szymlet ◽  
Barbara Sokolnicka
Keyword(s):  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Passenger Vehicle ◽  
Test Drive ◽  
The Real ◽  
Emission Limits ◽  
Test Requirements

The paper contains exhaust emission results for an RDE test drive of a passenger vehicle with a spark ignition bi-fuel engine fuelled with LPG. The tests were performed in accordance with the RDE test requirements, and their results were compared to the emission limits of the applicable EURO norm. The aim of the paper is to investigate the discrepancies in the real exhaust emissions between the gasoline-specific emission norms and real values from vehicle use when powered by LPG.

Condition Monitoring System for Light Rail Vehicle and Track

2012 ◽  
Vol 518 ◽  
pp. 66-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Firlik ◽  
Bartosz Czechyra ◽  
Andrzej Chudzikiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Condition Monitoring ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Ride Comfort ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Light Rail ◽  
Main Concept ◽  
Rail Vehicle ◽  
Condition Monitoring System

Condition monitoring and fault detection systems are becoming increasingly important in rail vehicles maintenance and operation, ensuring safety and reliability improvement. Light rail systems are not the main target for this trend, because of low operational speed and lower safety factors. Nevertheless public transport operators begin to pay a closer attention to the technical state monitoring of vehicle and track, in order to reduce maintenance cost and increase safety and ride comfort for passengers, which is an important challenge for public transport competitiveness in XXI century. The paper describes the main concept of the innovative on-board condition monitoring system for light rail vehicle and track. Functional requirements, assumptions and procedures are described, as well as the on-board data acquisition unit with necessary transducers, which number, function and technical parameters were optimized during the research phase of the project. The prototype of the presented system is now being tested in normal operating conditions.

Power Test System Development and Dynamic Performance State Estimation Based on Hub Motor Vehicle

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-140
Author(s):  
Jing Gan ◽  
Xiaobin Fan ◽  
Zeng Song ◽  
Mingyue Zhang ◽  
Bin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Test System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Power Test ◽  
The Real

Background: The power performance of an electric vehicle is the basic parameter. Traditional test equipment, such as the expensive chassis dynamometer, not only increases the cost of testing but also makes it impossible to measure all the performance parameters of an electric vehicle. Objective: A set of convenient, efficient and sensitive power measurement system for electric vehicles is developed to obtain the real-time power changes of hub-motor vehicles under various operating conditions, and the dynamic performance parameters of hub-motor vehicles are obtained through the system. Methods: Firstly, a set of on-board power test system is developed by using virtual instrument (Lab- VIEW). This test system can obtain the power changes of hub-motor vehicles under various operating conditions in real-time and save data in real-time. Then, the driving resistance of hub-motor vehicles is analyzed, and the power performance of hub-motor vehicles is studied in depth. The power testing system is proposed to test the input power of both ends of the driving motor, and the chassis dynamometer is combined to test so that the output efficiency of the driving motor can be easily obtained without disassembly. Finally, this method is used to carry out the road test and obtain the vehicle dynamic performance parameters. Results: The real-time current, voltage and power, maximum power, acceleration time and maximum speed of the vehicle can be obtained accurately by using the power test system in the real road experiment. Conclusion: The maximum power required by the two motors reaches about 9KW, and it takes about 20 seconds to reach the maximum speed. The total power required to maintain the maximum speed is about 7.8kw, and the maximum speed is 62km/h. In this article, various patents have been discussed.

scholarly journals Ethanol/Gasoline Blends as Alternative Fuel in Last Generation Spark-Ignition Engines: A Review on CO and HC Engine Out Emissions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 4034
Author(s):  
Paolo Iodice ◽  
Massimo Cardone
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
The Impact

Among the alternative fuels existing for spark-ignition engines, ethanol is considered worldwide as an important renewable fuel when mixed with pure gasoline because of its favorable physicochemical properties. An in-depth and updated investigation on the issue of CO and HC engine out emissions related to use of ethanol/gasoline fuels in spark-ignition engines is therefore necessary. Starting from our experimental studies on engine out emissions of a last generation spark-ignition engine fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels, the aim of this new investigation is to offer a complete literature review on the present state of ethanol combustion in last generation spark-ignition engines under real working conditions to clarify the possible change in CO and HC emissions. In the first section of this paper, a comparison between physicochemical properties of ethanol and gasoline is examined to assess the practicability of using ethanol as an alternative fuel for spark-ignition engines and to investigate the effect on engine out emissions and combustion efficiency. In the next section, this article focuses on the impact of ethanol/gasoline fuels on CO and HC formation. Many studies related to combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions in spark-ignition engines fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels are thus discussed in detail. Most of these experimental investigations conclude that the addition of ethanol with gasoline fuel mixtures can really decrease the CO and HC exhaust emissions of last generation spark-ignition engines in several operating conditions.

scholarly journals Optimal Temperature-Based Condition Monitoring System for Wind Turbines

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Payam Teimourzadeh Baboli ◽  
Davood Babazadeh ◽  
Amin Raeiszadeh ◽  
Susanne Horodyvskyy ◽  
Isabel Koprek
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Risk Indicator ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
The Real ◽  
Data Driven Modeling

With the increasing demand for the efficiency of wind energy projects due to challenging market conditions, the challenges related to maintenance planning are increasing. In this paper, a condition-based monitoring system for wind turbines (WTs) based on data-driven modeling is proposed. First, the normal condition of the WTs key components is estimated using a tailor-made artificial neural network. Then, the deviation of the real-time measurement data from the estimated values is calculated, indicating abnormal conditions. One of the main contributions of the paper is to propose an optimization problem for calculating the safe band, to maximize the accuracy of abnormal condition identification. During abnormal conditions or hazardous conditions of the WTs, an alarm is triggered and a proposed risk indicator is updated. The effectiveness of the model is demonstrated using real data from an offshore wind farm in Germany. By experimenting with the proposed model on the real-world data, it is shown that the proposed risk indicator is fully consistent with upcoming wind turbine failures.

scholarly journals DeepFogSim: A Toolbox for Execution and Performance Evaluation of the Inference Phase of Conditional Deep Neural Networks with Early Exits Atop Distributed Fog Platforms

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 377
Author(s):  
Michele Scarpiniti ◽  
Enzo Baccarelli ◽  
Alireza Momenzadeh ◽  
Sima Sarv Ahrabi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Future Internet ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Graphic User Interface ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Internet Applications ◽  
The Real ◽  
Delay Performance ◽  
Hard Constraints

The recent introduction of the so-called Conditional Neural Networks (CDNNs) with multiple early exits, executed atop virtualized multi-tier Fog platforms, makes feasible the real-time and energy-efficient execution of analytics required by future Internet applications. However, until now, toolkits for the evaluation of energy-vs.-delay performance of the inference phase of CDNNs executed on such platforms, have not been available. Motivated by these considerations, in this contribution, we present DeepFogSim. It is a MATLAB-supported software toolbox aiming at testing the performance of virtualized technological platforms for the real-time distributed execution of the inference phase of CDNNs with early exits under IoT realms. The main peculiar features of the proposed DeepFogSim toolbox are that: (i) it allows the joint dynamic energy-aware optimization of the Fog-hosted computing-networking resources under hard constraints on the tolerated inference delays; (ii) it allows the repeatable and customizable simulation of the resulting energy-delay performance of the overall Fog execution platform; (iii) it allows the dynamic tracking of the performed resource allocation under time-varying operating conditions and/or failure events; and (iv) it is equipped with a user-friendly Graphic User Interface (GUI) that supports a number of graphic formats for data rendering. Some numerical results give evidence for about the actual capabilities of the proposed DeepFogSim toolbox.

Numerical Approach for Real Gas Simulations: Part II — Flow Simulation for Supercritical CO2 Centrifugal Compressor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swati Saxena ◽  
Ramakrishna Mallina ◽  
Francisco Moraga ◽  
Douglas Hofer
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
Centrifugal Compressor ◽  
Supercritical Co2 ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Inlet Guide Vane ◽  
Thermodynamic Quantities ◽  
3D Flow ◽  
Real Gas ◽  
The Real ◽  
Operating Range

This paper is presented in two parts. Part I (Tabular fluid properties for real gas analysis) describes an approach to creating a tabular representation of the equation of state that is applicable to any fluid. This approach is applied to generating an accurate and robust tabular representation of the RefProp CO2 properties. Part II (this paper) presents numerical simulations of a low flow coefficient supercritical CO2 centrifugal compressor developed for a closed loop power cycle. The real gas tables presented in part I are used in these simulations. Three operating conditions are simulated near the CO2 critical point: normal day (85 bar, 35C), hot day (105 bar, 50 C) and cold day (70 bar, 20C) conditions. The compressor is a single stage overhung design with shrouded impeller, 155 mm impeller tip diameter and a vaneless diffuser. An axial variable inlet guide vane (IGV) is used to control the incoming swirl into the impeller. An in-house three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver named TACOMA is used with real gas tables for the steady flow simulations. The equilibrium thermodynamic modeling is used in this study. The real gas effects are important in the desired impeller operating range. It is observed that both the operating range (minimum and maximum volumetric flow rate) and the pressure ratio across the impeller are dependent on the inlet conditions. The compressor has nearly 25% higher operating range on a hot day as compared to the normal day conditions. A condensation region is observed near the impeller leading edge which grows as the compressor operating point moves towards choke. The impeller chokes near the mid-chord due to lower speed of sound in the liquid-vapor region resulting in a sharp drop near the choke side of the speedline. This behavior is explained by analyzing the 3D flow field within the impeller and thermodynamic quantities along the streamline. The 3D flow analysis for the flow near the critical point provides useful insight for the designers to modify the current compressor design for higher efficiency.

The Use of Electrostatic Charge Measurements as an Early Warning of Distress in Heavy-Duty Gas Turbines

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Lapini ◽  
M. Zippo ◽  
G. Tirone
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Electrostatic Charge ◽  
Electric Utility ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
System Response ◽  
Jet Engines ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Demonstration Program

The idea of measuring the electrostatic charge associated with the debris contained in the exhaust gases of a gas turbine (sometimes named EDMS, Engine Debris Monitoring System, or EEMS, Electrostatic Engine Monitoring System) has been demonstrated by several authors as an interesting diagnostic tool for the early warning of possible internal distresses (rubs, coating wear, hot spots in combustors, improper combustion, etc.) especially for jet engines or aeroderivative gas turbines. While potentially applicable to machines of larger size, the possibility of transferring this monitoring technology to heavy-duty gas turbines, which have exhaust ducts much bigger in size and different operating conditions, should be demonstrated. The authors present a synthesis of their experience and of the most significant data collected during a demonstration program performed on behalf of ENEL, the main Italian electric utility. The purpose of this program was to test this concept in real operating conditions on large turbines, and hence to evaluate the influence of the operating conditions on the system response and to assess its sensitivity to possible distresses. A good amount of testing has been performed, during this program, both on a full scale combustion rig, and on two machines rated at about 120 MW, during their normal and purposely perturbed operating conditions in a power plant. The authors, on the basis of the encouraging results obtained to date, comment on the work still required to bring this technology to full maturity.

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