scholarly journals Perspective of Arguments in Public Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
Dinesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Negative Report ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Time Of Admission ◽  
Pcr Test

Recently, an argument was put forth because a symptomatic and positive patient for CoVID-19 turned tested negative after 7 days, so discharged from the hospital. Both at the time of admission and discharge real-time reverse transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was done for testing of CoVID-19. Immediately, patient again developed respiratory symptoms and was admitted to hospital again. Amidst of current CoVID-19 pandemic, a question was asked “What is the specificity of the Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test for COVID-19?” with an assumption that what if at the time of discharge the disease is present in patient but test turned out to be negative? In response to that a counter statement was posed that “It is the sensitivity that should be asked rather than specificity”. It was based on the implication of primary question that was implying false negative report of the RT-PCR. It means, since patient was discharged with negative result that could be false negative.

scholarly journals Reducing False Negative PCR Test for COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-410
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Bahreini ◽  
Rezvan Najafi ◽  
Razieh Amini ◽  
Salman Khazaei ◽  
Saeid Bashirian
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Real Time ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Creative Commons ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
False Negative Results ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Pcr Test

As the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic spreads rapidly, there is need for a diagnostic test with high accuracy to detect infected individuals especially those without symptoms. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a common molecular test for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2. If some factors are not taken into consideration when performing this test, it can have a relatively large number of false negative results. In this article, we discuss important considerations that could lead to false negative test reduction. Key words: • SARS-CoV-2 • COVID-19 • Real time polymerase chain reaction • RT-PCR test • Diagnosis • False negatives • Genetics • Emerging disease   Copyright © 2020 Bahreini et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in this journal, is properly cited.

scholarly journals Real-Time Polymerase chain reaction trends in COVID-19 patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr Sana Abbas ◽  
Aisha Rafique ◽  
Dr Beenish Abbas ◽  
Dr Rashid Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Test ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Objective: To assess trends of real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction test in Coronavirus infected Patients. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at Tertiary Care Institute, Rawalpindi from March 2020 to June 2020. All patients confirmed COVID positive by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with recent travel history, close contact with known diagnosed patients and had symptoms of fever or upper respiratory tract with body aches. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken and results generated within 48 hours. Positive PCR was admission criteria follow up was carried out at 7th and 8th day, with negative PCR were discharged. However, those who had persistent positive PCR on the 8th day were tested again on 11th and 12th day. Those with persistent positive results beyond 12th day were shifted to specialized quarantine centres. Results: A total of three hundred and ninety-two patients with mild to moderate illness, PCR positive for COVID 19 were included study with age range 9 - 45 and mean 33.22±7.98 years. A total of 8 (2%) patients were females and 384(98%) males. The duration of the negative test result was Mean ± Std. Deviation 9.05±2.00 with 7 – 8 days 152(38.8%)in and 11 – 12 days in 160(40.8%). PCR results on Day 7 and 8 were negative in 144(36.7%) patients whereas positive in 248(63.3%). PCR results on Day 11 and 12 were negative in 312(79.6%) patients whereas positive in 80 (20.4%). Conclusion: To conclude Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (rT-PCR) inclines to give false negative results additionally can stay positive in asymptomatic patients for moderately longer-term. Hence decision to discharge ought to be intricately adjusted between RT-PCR, clinical judgement, radiological examinations, and biochemical assays. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.1.3000 How to cite this:Abbas S, Rafique A, Abbas B, Iqbal R. Real-Time Polymerase chain reaction trends in COVID-19 patients. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(1):180-184. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.1.3000 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

scholarly journals Peran pemeriksaan radiologis pada diagnosis Coronavirus disease 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Budi Yanti ◽  
Ulfa Hayatun
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Real Time ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Ground Glass Opacity ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Lung Abnormalities ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Radiological Examinations

Abstrak. Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) telah menjadi pandemi di seluruh dunia dengan angka kejadian yang terus meningkat di beberapa negara. Kecepatan dan ketepatan diagnosis diperlukan untuk mencegah perburukan kondisi pasien. Real-Time Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) sampai saat ini masih menjadi baku emas untuk menegakkan diagnosis COVID-19, namun uji diagnostik ini dilaporkan banyak menunjukkan hasil negatif palsu. Pemeriksaan radiologi berupa foto toraks dan CT-Scan dada banyak dilakukan untuk  menunjang diagnosis COVID-19. Gambaran foto toraks yang paling sering ditemukan adalah konsolidasi, ground-glass opacity (GGO), distribusi bilateral, perifer dan di lobus bawah paru-paru, namun pemeriksaan ini dianggap tidak sensitif untuk menemukan kelainan paru pada tahap awal penyakit. Meskipun demikian, foto toraks dapat digunakan untuk memantau perkembangan kelainan paru akibat COVID-19, salah satunya dengan metode Brixia Score. Pada sisi lain,CT-scan dada dinilai lebih sensitif daripada foto toraks serta mampu menunjukkan kelainan paru tahap awal pada pasien dengan hasil RT-PCR yang negatif. Gambaran pada CT-scan dada umumnya menunjukkan GGO, konsolidasi, crazy-paving stone, dan air bronchogram.  CT-scan dapat mengurangi angka negatif palsu pada RT-PCR dan sebagai alat skrining pada pasien yang dicurigai COVID-19 di lokasi epidemis saat hasil RT-PCR tidak tersedia. Penggunaan pemeriksaan radiologi dan RT-PCR dapat menghemat waktu serta membantu diagnosis dan manajemen COVID-19. Kata Kunci: Pencitraan COVID-19, Radiologi SARS-CoV-2Abstract. Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) has become a worldwide pandemic with an increasing incidence in several countries. Speed and accuracy of diagnosis are needed to prevent worsening of patient's condition. Real-Time Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is still a gold standard of COVID-19 diagnosis, however, this test shown false negative results in several case. Radiological examinations, chest X-Ray (CXR) and CT scan, are used to support the diagnosis. The most commonly found in CXR are consolidation, ground-glass opacity (GGO), bilateral distribution, peripheral and in the lower lobe, but this examination is insensitive to find lung abnormalities in early stages of disease. However, CXR can be used to monitor the development of lung abnormalities due to COVID-19, such as the Brixia Score method. On the other hand, CT-Scan is more sensitive than CXR and able to show early lung abnormalities in negative RT-PCR results. CT scan show the presence of GGO, consolidation, crazy-paving stone, and air bronchogram. CT-scanning can reduce the false-negative rate on RT-PCR and become a screening tool in suspected COVID-19 patients at epidemic area where RT-PCR is not available. The use of radiological examinations and RT-PCR can save the time and help in the diagnosis and management of COVID-19.Keywords: COVID-19’s Radiology, Imaging of SARS-CoV-2

1504: Molecular Diagnosis and Staging of Prostate Cancer Using Clusterin in Real Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)

2006 ◽  
Vol 175 (4S) ◽  
pp. 485-486
Author(s):  
Sabarinath B. Nair ◽  
Christodoulos Pipinikas ◽  
Roger Kirby ◽  
Nick Carter ◽  
Christiane Fenske
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Molecular Diagnosis ◽  
Reverse Transcription ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Death and COVID-19 Anxiety in Home-Quarantined Individuals Aged 65 and Over During the Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 003022282110598
Author(s):  
Hümeyra Aslaner ◽  
Betül Özen ◽  
Zeliha K. Erten ◽  
Mebrure Beyza Gökçek
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Anxiety Score ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Pcr Test

Urgent measures were taken for those at the age of 65 and over who were at the risk group all over the world due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is known that many individuals at the age of 65 and over have experienced anxiety due to the uncertainties. This study aimed to determine the anxiety and death anxiety in individuals aged 65 and over who were isolation at home due to being diagnosed with COVID-19 or being in contact during the pandemic process. The study is descriptive and cross-sectional. It was performed with 656 home-quarantined individuals aged between 65–80 years with positive or negative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test result. A form including questions about the death anxiety and the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale Short Form prepared by the researchers were administered to the individuals by phone call. Of the participants, 49.5% were male. Median COVID-19 anxiety score was 4 (0–18). Anxiety scores of the male and female participants were similar. Participants with negative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results and those with death anxiety had higher COVID anxiety scores. Death anxiety has increased by 1.661 times in male gender, 1.983 times in RT-PCR positivity and 0.146 times in the presence of symptoms. Individuals with positive COVID-19 test results or those aged 65 and over who had death anxiety and negative COVID-19 test result but who were in home-isolation due to being a contact had higher anxiety score. For this reason, those with death anxiety can be supported in line with their religious beliefs to reduce anxiety. Those with negative PCR test results in quarantine can be adequately informed about the COVID-19.

scholarly journals Investigation of Different Commercially Available Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction Kits for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajeev Kumar Jain ◽  
Nagaraj Perumal ◽  
Rakesh Shrivastava ◽  
Kamlesh Kumar Ahirwar ◽  
Jaya Lalwani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Housekeeping Gene ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Gene Target ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Introduction: The whole world is facing an ongoing global health emergency of COVID-19 disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Real-Time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a gold standard in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Presently, many single tube multiple gene target RT-PCR kits have been developed and are commercially available for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis. Aim: To evaluate the performance of seven COVID-19 RT-PCR kits (DiagSure, Meril, VIRALDTECT II, TruPCR, Q-line, Allplex and TaqPath) which are commercially available for COVID-19 RT-PCR diagnosis. Materials and Methods: This observational study was conductedat the State Virology Laboratory (SVL), Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. Seven commercially available kits have been evaluated on the basis of: (i) number of SARS-CoV-2 specific gene target; (ii) human housekeeping genes as internal control; (iii) RT-PCR run time; and (iv) kit performances to correctly detect SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative RNA samples. A total of 50 RNA samples (left over RNA) were included, master mix preparation, template addition and RT-PCR test has been performed according to kits literature. At the end of PCR run, mean and standard deviation of obtained cut-off of all kits were calculated using Microsoft Excel. Results: All seven RT-PCR kits performed satisfactory regarding the reproducibility and they could correctly identify 30 positive and 20 negative RNA samples. RNA samples (group C) having low viral loads with a high Cycle threshold (Ct) value (>30) were also detected by all these seven kits. Obtained Ct values of each group was in parallel range in comparison with the initial testing Ct values. Kits were found to be superior which contains primers and probes for three SARS-CoV-2 specific gene targets, have human housekeeping gene as internal control and taking less time to complete RT-PCR. Conclusion: All seven COVID-19 RT-PCR kits included in this study demonstrated satisfactory performance and can be used for the routine molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 disease.

scholarly journals Sensitive SYBR Green—Real Time PCR for the Detection and Quantitation of Avian Rotavirus A

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
David De la Torre ◽  
Claudete Astolfi-Ferreira ◽  
Ruy Chacon ◽  
Antonio Piantino Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Sybr Green ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Rotavirus A ◽  
Avian Nephritis Virus ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Avian rotavirus A (ARtV-A) is a virus that affects young birds, causing acute diarrhea and economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. The techniques used for the diagnosis of ARtV-A include electron microscopy, isolation in cell culture, and serology, as well as molecular techniques, such as the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The objective of this work was to standardize a real-time RT-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) using SYBR Green chemistry for the rapid detection and quantification of ARtV-A from bird tissues and materials fixed on FTA cards on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of segment 6 (S6), which codes for the structural VP6 protein of ARtV-A. The results show the efficient amplification of the proposed target, with a limit of detection (LoD) of one copy gene (CG) per microliter of cDNA and a limit of quantification (LoQ) of 10 CGs per microliter. The efficiency of the primers was determined to be 95.66% using a standard curve, with an R2 value of 0.999 and a slope of −3.43. The specificity was determined using samples coinfected with ARtV-A, the chicken parvovirus, the chicken astrovirus, and the avian nephritis virus as positive controls and commercially available vaccines of the infectious bronchitis virus, infectious bursa disease virus, avian reovirus and healthy organs as negative controls. This technique, which lacks nonspecific PCR products and dimers, demonstrated greater sensitivity and specificity than conventional RT-PCR, and it reduced the analysis time by more than 50%.

Accuracy of real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect Schistosoma mansoni – infected individuals from an endemic area with low parasite loads

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (10) ◽  
pp. 1140-1148
Author(s):  
Fernanda do Carmo Magalhães ◽  
Samira Diniz Resende ◽  
Carolina Senra ◽  
Carlos Graeff-Teixeira ◽  
Martin Johannes Enk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intestinal Schistosomiasis ◽  
Polymerase Chain

AbstractDue to the efforts to control schistosomiasis transmission in tropical countries, a large proportion of individuals from endemic areas present low parasite loads, which hinders diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis by the Kato-Katz (KK) method. Therefore, the development of more sensitive diagnostic methods is essential for efficient control measures. The aim was to evaluate the accuracy of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect Schistosoma mansoni DNA in fecal samples of individuals with low parasite loads. A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted in a rural community (n = 257) in Brazil. POC-CCA® was performed in urine and feces were used for RT-PCR. In addition, fecal exams were completed by 18 KK slides, saline gradient and Helmintex techniques. The combined results of the three parasitological tests detected schistosome eggs in 118 participants (45.9%) and composed the consolidated reference standard (CRS). By RT-PCR, 117 out of 215 tested samples were positive, showing 91.4% sensitivity, 80.2% specificity and good concordance with the CRS (kappa = 0.71). RT-PCR identified 86.9% of the individuals eliminating less than 12 eggs/g of feces, demonstrating much better performance than POC-CCA® (50.8%). Our results showed that RT-PCR is a valuable alternative for the diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis in individuals with very low parasite loads.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a 384–Well Format for High-Throughput Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for Avian Influenza Testing

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 679-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela J. Ferro ◽  
Jason Osterstock ◽  
Bo Norby ◽  
Geoffrey T. Fosgate ◽  
Blanca Lupiani
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Real Time ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Reverse Transcription ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Response Planning ◽  
Polymerase Chain

As concerns over the global spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 have heightened, more countries are faced with increased surveillance efforts and incident response planning for handling a potential outbreak. The incorporation of molecular techniques in most diagnostic laboratories has enabled fast and efficient testing of many agents of concern, including avian influenza. However, the need for high-throughput testing remains. In this study, the use of a 384–well format for high-throughput real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) testing for avian influenza is described. The analytical sensitivity of a real-time RT-PCR assay for avian influenza virus matrix gene with the use of both 96– and 384–well assay formats and serial dilutions of transcribed control RNA were comparable, resulting in similar limits of detection. Of 28 hunter-collected cloacal swabs that were positive by virus isolation, 26 (92.9%) and 27 (96.4%) were positive in the 96– and 384–well assays, respectively; of the 340 hunter-collected swabs that were negative by virus isolation, 45 (13.2%) and 23 (6.8%) were positive in the 96– and 384–well assays, respectively. The data presented herein supports the utility of the 384–well format in the event of an avian influenza outbreak for high-throughput real-time RT-PCR testing.

scholarly journals Collaborative Trial for Validation of a Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Detection of Central Nervous System Tissues as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy RiskMaterial: Part 1

2006 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 1335-1340
Author(s):  
Amir Abdulmawjood ◽  
Holger Schnenbrcher ◽  
Michael BÜlte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract A collaborative trial was conducted to evaluate a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for detection of central nervous system (CNS) tissues in meat products (e.g., sausages). The method is based on the detection of ruminant glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA by applying real-time RT-PCR. The assay was evaluated through a multicenter trial involving 12 participating laboratories that received coded cDNA obtained from 3 different types of sausages. The participants used 5 different real-time detection systems. The results obtained in this validation revealed that this real-time RT-PCR assay performed well in the different laboratories with a detection limit of at least 0.1% CNS in those test materials that contained strongly heat-treated samples (sausages cooked at 120C) and the medium heat-treated samples (sausages cooked at 80C). The detection limit of liver sausages was determined to be 0.2% of CNS. Neither the samples with no CNS additive nor the bovine DNA and the negative control containing 100% swine brain gave any positive signals. The presented results indicate that the real-time RT-PCR assay was just as reproducible between laboratories, as repeatable within a laboratory, could reliably be used for detection of bovine spongiform encephalopathy risk material in meat and meat products, and signify that it may be used with confidence in any laboratory.

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