scholarly journals Norwegian emigration and the emergence of modernity in Norway: America letters and the cases of Knut Hamsun and Sigbjørn Obstfelder

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-66
Author(s):  
Ioana-Andreea Mureșan
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
New World ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
American Experience ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Knut Hamsun

Norway was going through important changes in the 19th century. It was a time of disruption, when the old rural society was transformed by the growing industrialisation, by the development of transportation and the expansion of free trade, when internal migration reached its peak as farmers struggled to survive using the old ways of living that had been passed on from generations and that no longer seemed to work in the modernized world. This paper argues that, although the need for change of the old habits was at the basis of the mass exodus to the New World, migration facilitated the emergence of modernity in Norway. America letters played an important role, as they both convinced the families and friends of the emigrants to embark for America, but they also helped increase the literacy rate in the homeland. Further on, the discussion will focus on the American experience of Knut Hamsun and Sigbjørn Obstfelder, which helped them gain recognition as forerunners of modernism in Norway

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

IX. Asians Compared: Some Observations regarding Indian and Indonesian Indentured Labourers in Surinam, 1873-1939

Itinerario ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Emmer
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Fiji Islands ◽  
African Slaves ◽  
The 19Th Century

The drive towards the abolition of the slave trade at the beginning of the 19th century was not effective until the 1850s. It was perhaps the only migratory intercontinental movement in history which came to a complete stop because of political pressures in spite of the fact that neither the supply nor the demand for African slaves had disappeared.Because of the continuing demand for bonded labour in some of the plantation areas in the New World (notably the Guiana's, Trinidad, Cuba and Brazil) and because of a new demand for bonded labour in the developing sugar and mining industries in Mauritius, Réunion, Queensland (Australia), Natal (South Africa), the Fiji-islands and Hawaii an international search for ‘newslaves’ started.

The Ferry

Antiquity ◽  
1944 ◽  
Vol 18 (71) ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
F. W. Robins
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Sacramento River ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
The 19Th Century

The story of the ferry is, at the outset, the story of the boat. It begins with prehistoric man noticing that wood will float and possibly, from the riding of birds and small animals, that it will carry a burden according to its size and character. Observant and imitative, the human animal, in the childhood of the world, proceeds to experiment gingerly and doubtfully at first, boldly and confidently—perhaps in some cases too boldly and confidently, later. He mounts himself astride a log and propels it, probably at first with his legs, towards the opposite bank of the river near which he lives. On the other side lies a new world, with resources untapped, especially in the matter of food, which he is anxious to reach. Even in the middle of the 19th century Pickering (Races of Man) speaks of men in the tide waters of the Sacramento river crossing, standing on split logs.

Urban Retailing 100 Years Ago

1938 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 91-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph M. Hower
Keyword(s):  
Annual Meeting ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Single Line ◽  
Historical Society ◽  
American Experience ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
American Cities

An address delivered by Dr. Ralph M. Hower at the Annual Meeting of the Business Historical Society.I propose to interpret my subject rather liberally and to concentrate upon what seem to me to be some fundamental changes in retailing—ranging the whole of the 19th century, but focussing attention especially upon the years from 1850 to 1875, a period of great innovation. And please note that all my remarks have to do with American experience.To start, then, let me sketch briefly the retailing picture in the larger American cities about 1850. In general the principle of specialization dominated the scene: both retail and wholesale trades were split up, by types of merchandise, into single-line or specialty stores. If you examine the advertisements and business directories of the period, you will find a really astonishing array of stores, each of which confined itself to a narrow range of goods.

The literacy rate of young workers in Siberia at the end of the 19th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12-3) ◽  
pp. 134-142
Author(s):  
Irina Pivovarova
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
General Population ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Youth Employment ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Young Workers ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The 19Th Century

Based on the results of the first general population census, the literacy of the population was analyzed regarding the number and composition of workers in Siberia in the context of 28 groups and the corresponding types of industrial and commercial activity. The most popular types of youth employment in Siberia have been identified. Shown is the gender and age differentiation of literate among employed youth. The types of activities in which young people are employed with the highest and lowest literacy levels are indicated.

Globalization in the Ottoman Empire

2020 ◽  
pp. 163-188
Author(s):  
Büşra Karataşer
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
World Order ◽  
New World Order ◽  
The West ◽  
Institutional Relations ◽  
The 19Th Century

The purpose of this chapter is to examine how globalization has played a decisive role in the Ottoman Empire and how it created reform through international trade policies and institutions. The first part will examine the concept of globalization and the integration of the Ottoman Empire into the West, the fundamentals of the Ottomanmentality and the effects of globalization on the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century. The second part will examine how globalization played a decisive role in the Ottoman Empire, the 19th century Ottoman economy, Ottoman international trade, and Ottoman external loans. The third part examines the institutionalization and modernization of the Ottoman Empire, reforms in naval affairs during the reign of Abdul Hamid II, and the organization of the navy. The fourth part will examine the institutional relations in the Ottoman Empire after globalization. Institutions will be examined in terms of how they were restructured or how new ones were created to adapt to a new world order.

The scarcity of Spanish-based creoles explained

1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. McWhorter
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Current Distribution ◽  
New World ◽  
Sociological Factors ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Lexical Diffusion ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Language Transmission

ABSTRACTMost explanations for the scarcity of Spanish-based creoles have appealed to sociological factors. This article shows that, on the contrary, three historical factors determined the current distribution. First, the Spanish only began cultivating sugar after a century of concentrating on crops requiring smaller plantations; this allowed fuller acquisition of Spanish by the slaves, who then served as models for later arrivals. Second, the Spanish often took over areas formerly occupied by the Portuguese, thus encountering a previously existent pidgin. Third, the Spanish did not establish trade settlements in West Africa, where a Spanish pidgin could have emerged and been transported to the New World. These factors together manifested Spain's low commitment to establishing vigorously capitalistic enterprises in its possessions until the 19th century, which can be seen as the ultimate impediment to the pidginization of Spanish. (Pidgins and creoles, Spanish, Spain, diachronic linguistics, lexical diffusion, language transmission)

Hegemony and the structure of international trade reassessed: a view from Arabia

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred H. Lawson
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Collective Goods ◽  
The World ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
The 19Th Century

Mercantilist explanations for the development of international trading orders have assumed that changes in peripheral areas during the 19th century corresponded with developments among the largest and most advanced countries of the period. Relatively free trade, however, was not the rule at three important ports along the Arabian coast when Great Britain was in a hegemonic position in the area. Rather, British predominance in this part of the world was generally associated with increasing closure in commercial affairs at these three ports. This finding throws doubt on both the collective goods logic and the notions of “the imperialism of free trade” that have been appropriated by writers such as Gilpin, Kindleberger, Krasner, and Keohane. Two alternative ways of explaining the pattern of trading relations at these three ports are sketched, and three ways of amending the mercantilist position to account for these data are suggested.

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