HOW TO ESTIMATE BLACK WATTLE ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS FROM HETEROSCEDASTIC DATA?

This study developed a system of equations for predicting total aboveground and component biomass in black wattle trees. A total of 140 black wattle trees at age 10 years were measured regarding their diameter at 1.30 m height above the ground (d), total tree height (h), basic wood density (branches and stem), and biomass (stem, crown, and aboveground). We evaluated the performance of linear and nonlinear allometric models by comparing the statistics of R2adj., RRMSE%, and BIC. Nonlinear models performed better when predicting crown biomass (using only d as an independent variable), and stem and aboveground biomass (using d and h as independent variables). Adding basic density did not significantly improve biomass modeling. The residuals had non-homogeneous variance; thus, the fitted equations were weighted, with weights derived from a function containing the same independent variables of the fitted biomass function. Subsequently, we used a simultaneous set of equations to ensure that the sum of each component's estimated biomass values was equal to the total biomass values. Simultaneous fitting improved the performance of the equations by guaranteeing the components' additivity, and weighted regression allowed to stabilize error variance, ensuring the homoscedasticity of the residuals.

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Biomass functions applicable to European beech

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/4553-jfs ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 51 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 147-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

E. Cienciala ◽

M. Černý ◽

J. Apltauer ◽

Z. Exnerová

Keyword(s):

Tree Height ◽

European Beech ◽

Biomass Estimation ◽

Managed Forests ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Breast Height ◽

Allometric Functions ◽

Branch Biomass ◽

Independent Variable ◽

Total Tree

This material describes parameterization of allometric functions applicable to biomass estimation of European beech trees. It is based on field data from destructive measurements of 20 full-grown trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) from 5.7 to 62.1 cm. The parameterization was performed for total tree aboveground biomass (AB; besides stump), stem and branch biomass, respectively. The allometric functions contained two or three parameters and used dbh either as a single independent variable or in combination with tree height (H). These functions explained 97 to 99% of the variability in the measured AB. The most successful equation was that using both dbh and H as independent variables in combination with three fitted parameters. H, as the second independent variable, had rather a small effect on improving the estimation: in the case of AB, H as independent variable improved prediction accuracy by 1–2% whereas in the case of branch biomass by about 5%. The parameterized biomass equations are applicable to tree specimens of European beech grown in typically managed forests.

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Estimation of aboveground biomass using aerial photogrammetry from unmanned aerial vehicle in teak (Tectona grandis) plantation in Thailand

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d210605 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (6) ◽

Author(s):

SASIWIMOL RINNAMANG ◽

KAMPANART SIRIRUEANG ◽

SORAVIS SUPAVETCH ◽

PONTHEP MEUNPONG

Keyword(s):

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽

Aboveground Biomass ◽

Tree Height ◽

Tectona Grandis ◽

Aerial Images ◽

P Value ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Aerial Photogrammetry ◽

Aerial Vehicles ◽

Ground Truthing

Abstract. Rinnamang S, Sirirueang K, Supavetch S, Meunpong P. 2020. Estimation of aboveground biomass using aerial photogrammetry from unmanned aerial vehicles in teak (Tectona grandis) plantation in Thailand. Biodiversitas 21: 2369-2376. Thailand is one of the best teak planting locations in the world. Teak is one of the most species planting and a significant source of high-value timber in Thailand. For plantation management, biomass is one of the important factors while determining the production of a plantation and also for sustainable forest management. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have the ability to produce 3D RGB digital images which can be used to study the plantation characteristics. This study aimed to use aerial images and photogrammetry techniques derived from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to estimate teak biomass in Thong Pha Phum plantation, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. We conducted our study on 15-and 36-year-old teak stands, and compared the tree dimension between data obtained from field measurement and that from aerial images and photogrammetry techniques. In the 15-year-old stand, the average tree height estimated from the UAV and ground-truthing were 12.34 and 13.06 m, respectively. In the 36-year-old stand, the average tree height from the UAV and ground-truthing were 28.87 and 29.39 m, respectively. We found that in both stands, the difference between data generated from the UAV and ground-truthing data was not significant (p-value = 0.07 and 0.306, respectively). There was also a strong correspondence between tree height estimated from the UAV and that measured on the ground which is indicated by the high R2 (i.e. 0.70 and 0.64 for the 15-and 36-year-old stands, respectively). Using UAV generated data, the total biomass of 15-and 36-year-old stands was estimated to be around 42.07 t ha-1 and 67.13 t ha-1, respectively. The overall results suggest that UAV can be used as an effective tool to survey and monitor stand’s productivity in teak plantation.

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Allometric models to estimate tree height in northern Amazonian ecotone forests

Acta Amazonica ◽

10.1590/1809-4392201801642 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 81-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Reinaldo Imbrozio BARBOSA ◽

Perla Natalia RAMÍREZ-NARVÁEZ ◽

Philip Martin FEARNSIDE ◽

Carlos Darwin Angulo VILLACORTA ◽

Lidiany Camila da Silva CARVALHO

Keyword(s):

Amazon Basin ◽

Nonlinear Models ◽

Tree Height ◽

Information Criterion ◽

Specific Model ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Allometric Models ◽

Peripheral Areas ◽

Total Tree

ABSTRACT Allometric models defining the relationship between stem diameter and total tree height in the Amazon basin are important because they refine the estimates of tree carbon stocks and flow in the region. This study tests different allometric models to estimate the total tree height from the stem diameter in an ecotone zone between ombrophilous and seasonal forests in the Brazilian state of Roraima, in northern Amazonia. Stem diameter and total height were measured directly in 65 recently fallen trees (live or dead). Linear and nonlinear regressions were tested to represent the D:H relation in this specific ecotone zone. Criteria for model selection were the standard error of the estimate (Syx) and the adjusted coefficient of determination (R²adj), complemented by the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Analysis of residuals of the most parsimonious nonlinear models showed a tendency to overestimate the total tree height for trees in the 20-40 cm diameter range. Application of our best fitted model (Michaelis-Menten) indicated that previously published general equations for the tropics that use diameter as the independent variable can either overestimate tree height in the study area by 10-29% (Weibull models) or underestimate it by 8% (climate-based models). We concluded that our site-specific model can be used in the ecotone forests studied in Roraima because it realistically reflects the local biometric relationships between stem diameter and total tree height. Studies need to be expanded in peripheral areas of northern Amazonia in order to reduce uncertainties in biomass and carbon estimates that use the tree height as a variable in general models.

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Total biomass and biomass production of Pinusroxburghii trees growing in all-aged natural forests

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x82-096 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 632-640 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

O. P. Chaturvedi ◽

J. S. Singh

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Fine Roots ◽

Tree Height ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Allometric Equations ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Natural Forests ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Sample Tree ◽

Independent Variable

Detailed morphometric measurements for individual trees in an age series (16–128 years) of P. roxburghii Sarg were carried out. The dry weight of each component of the tree increased with age and total aboveground biomass in a 128-year-old tree was 1939 kg. Satisfactory allometric equations relating biomass of different components with circumference at breast height (cbh) and square diameter × height (d2h) were developed. The error in estimates was lower when the independent variable included tree height. Within an individual tree the biomass of bole increased downwards and the canopy of the tree was concentrated towards the upper part of the tree. The intercomponent biomass relationships were also significant, and the resulting allometric equations carried less error than the equations using cbh as the independent variable. The cumulative dry matter produced by a sample tree within its lifetime was much greater than the respective current biomass. The largest proportion of the production was accounted for by the tree crown and fine roots, while the largest biomass resided in the bole. The maximum current biomass increment was attained at the age of 39 years. The mean annual production increased with age except for bole and root system where it first increased and then attained a constant value after 61 years. The relationships of bole and shoot production per annum to total leaf area and fine roots for different age periods indicated a significant spurt of activity during 36–39 years and a secondary limited spurt during 97–103 years in the life history. The production of nonphotosynthetic components was significantly related with the leaf area and with foliage production.

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Estimating Tree Diameter and Volume with a Taper Model and Large-Scale Photo Measurements

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/18.4.110 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 110-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R.J. Hall ◽

Y. Wang ◽

D.J. Morgan

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Linear Models ◽

Nonlinear Models ◽

Model Development ◽

Tree Height ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Tree Diameter ◽

Volume Estimates ◽

Total Tree ◽

Taper Model

Abstract Large-scale photo (LSP) mensurational procedures were developed, in part, to reduce field costs by replacing much of the ground sampling with less expensive photo measurements. The conventional LSP approach uses photo measurements of tree height and crown area, which serve as independent variables in models, to predict tree diameter or volume. This study compared 18 linear and nonlinear model forms for estimating tree diameters and assessed the use of a provincial taper model to estimate total tree volume from LSP data. On average, linear models produce R2, root mean square error, and mean bias values that were at least equivalent to, if not statistically better than, nonlinear models for the range of data evaluated. For lodgepole pine, white spruce and a composite of two deciduous species (trembling aspen and balsam poplar), total volume estimates were not statistically different from those estimated from field measurements. A comparative analysis of LSP and field sampling costs suggests the use of taper models in LSP mensuration could save considerable cost and effort in data collection and model development. This finding may result in an increased use of LSP in operational forest inventory work. North J. Appl. For. 18(4):110–118.

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ALOCAÇÃO E MODELAGEM DA BIOMASSA EM Dendrocalamus asper

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v45i1.35094 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Francelo Mognon ◽

Aurélio Lourenço Rodrigues ◽

Carlos Roberto Sanquetta ◽

Ana Paula Dalla Corte ◽

Adalberto Brito De Novaes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aboveground Biomass ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Major Fraction ◽

Allometric Models ◽

Stem Biomass ◽

Breast Height ◽

Biomass Models ◽

Independent Variable ◽

Collar Diameter ◽

Dendrocalamus Asper

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a biomassa seca total individual de plantas de bambu da espécie Dendrocalamus asper (Schult. & Schult. f.) Backer ex K. Heyne, visando conhecer a sua distribuição nos diferentes compartimentos, bem como avaliar modelos de biomassa em função de variáveis biométricas das plantas. Foram avaliados 20 indivíduos, coletados em Bauru, SP. As plantas amostradas foram medidas, abatidas e pesadas. A maior fração da biomassa foi observada na parte aérea, com 86%, sendo 64% para o compartimento colmo, 16% para os galhos e 6% para as folhas. Os rizomas representaram 14% da biomassa total. As variáveis biométricas (diâmetro à altura do peito – DAP, altura total – ht e diâmetro de colo – Dcolo) correlacionaram-se significativamente com as biomassas total e do colmo. O modelo que apresentou o melhor desempenho para a biomassa total teve como variável independente apenas o DAP, enquanto que para a biomassa dos colmos foi a variável combinada dap0,5*lndap. Os ajustes para os demais compartimentos não geraram resultados satisfatórios, em função da baixa correlação entre as variáveis biométricas e suas biomassas. Concluiu-se que é possível expressar a biomassa seca total e do colmo do bambu por meio de modelos alométricos, porém o mesmo não se aplica aos demais compartimentos.Palavras-chave: Bambu; fitomassa; modelos alométricos. AbstractAllocation and modeling of biomass of Dendrocalamus asper. The aim of this research was to quantify the total individual biomass of bamboo plants of the species Dendrocalamus asper (Schult. & Schult. f.) Backer ex K. Heyne, in order to understand its distribution along different compartments, as well as evaluat biomass models according to biometric variables. Twenty individuals collected in Bauru, SP were evaluated. The plants were measured, cut and weighed. The aboveground biomass accounted for the major fraction, representing 86%. The stem compartment represented 64% of total biomass, followed by the branches, with 16% and leaves, with 6%. Rhizomes accounted for 14% of the total biomass. The biometric variables (diameter at breast height - dbh, total height – ht, and collar diameter - dcollar) were significantly correlated with total and stem biomass. The model that revealed best performance for total biomass had only dap as independent variable, for the stems biomass the combined variable was dap0,5*lndap. The adjustments for other compartments were not satisfactory due to low correlation between the biometric variables and their biomass. As conclusion, it is possible to express the total dry stem biomass and culm mass of bamboo using allometric models, however, the same does not apply to other compartments.Keywords: Bamboo; phytomass; allometric models.

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Local Allometric Equations for Estimating Above-Ground Biomass (AGB) of Mangroves (Rhizophora spp. and Avicennia germinans) from the Komo, Mondah and Rio Mouni Estuaries in Gabon

European Scientific Journal ESJ ◽

10.19044/esj.2021.v17n34p172 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (34) ◽

pp. 172

Author(s):

Igor Akendengue Aken ◽

Okanga-Guay Marjolaine ◽

Ondo Assoumou Emmanuel ◽

Ajonina Gordon Nwutih ◽

Mombo Jean-Bernard

Keyword(s):

Aboveground Biomass ◽

Tree Height ◽

Avicennia Germinans ◽

Allometric Equations ◽

Local Context ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Mean Square ◽

Above Ground Biomass ◽

Independent Variable ◽

Mean Square Errors

The aboveground biomass (AGB) of Gabonese mangroves is commonly estimated from equations calibrated in other countries, and is generally adapted poorly to the local context. This paper focuses on developing local allometric equations for the AGB estimation and to evaluate their accuracy compared to other general equations. The local equations for Rhizophora spp and Avicennia germinans were performed with tree volume, bark and wood densities, and are used with the diameter as an independent variable. The heights and diameters of 408 trees (314 Rhizophora spp and 94 Avicennia germinans) were measured at 13 sites in Estuaire Province. Sixty-four aliquots were taken from the trunks of both species at the Mondah site. This site has tree diameters ranging from 2 to 127 cm for Avicennia and from 1.4 to 75.8 cm for Rhizophora. The tree height ranges from 0.9 to 24 m for Avicennia, and from 1.1 to 53 m for Rhizophora. Avicennia has an overall trunk density of 0.88 g/cm3 and Rhizophora has 1.17 g/cm3. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the equations are 0.98 for Rhizophora spp, 0.97 for Avicennia germinans, and 0.99 for the general equation. The seven equation display biases that are less than 1% and the root mean square errors vary between 0.073 and 1.68. Compared to other equations generally used, these local equations improve the accuracy of aboveground biomass estimations of Gabonese mangroves.

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Restore and sequester: estimating biomass in native Australian woodland ecosystems for their carbon-funded restoration

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt11018 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 59 (7) ◽

pp. 640 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

J. H. Jonson ◽

D. Freudenberger

Keyword(s):

Native Species ◽

Basal Area ◽

Tree Height ◽

Ground Level ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Allometric Equations ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Tree Biomass ◽

Below Ground ◽

Total Tree

In the south-western region of Australia, allometric relationships between tree dimensional measurements and total tree biomass were developed for estimating carbon sequestered in native eucalypt woodlands. A total of 71 trees representing eight local native species from three genera were destructively sampled. Within this sample set, below ground measurements were included for 51 trees, enabling the development of allometric equations for total biomass applicable to small, medium, and large native trees. A diversity of tree dimensions were recorded and regressed against biomass, including stem diameter at 130 cm (DBH), stem diameter at ground level, stem diameter at 10 cm, stem diameter at 30 cm, total tree height, height of canopy break and mean canopy diameter. DBH was consistently highly correlated with above ground, below ground and total biomass. However, measurements of stem diameters at 0, 10 and 30 cm, and mean canopy diameter often displayed equivalent and at times greater correlation with tree biomass. Multi-species allometric equations were also developed, including ‘Mallee growth form’ and ‘all-eucalypt’ regressions. These equations were then applied to field inventory data collected from three locally dominant woodland types and eucalypt dominated environmental plantings to create robust relationships between biomass and stand basal area. This study contributes the predictive equations required to accurately quantify the carbon sequestered in native woodland ecosystems in the low rainfall region of south-western Australia.

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Foliage Biomass of the forests of Eurasia: correction of empirical modeling methods

Известия СПбЛТА ◽

10.21266/2079-4304.2020.232.50-78 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

В.А. Усольцев ◽

В.Ф. Ковязин ◽

И.С. Цепордей ◽

В.П. Часовских ◽

В.А. Азаренок

Keyword(s):

Basal Area ◽

Tree Height ◽

Forest Stand ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Empirical Modeling ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Generic Models ◽

Modeling Methods ◽

Harvest Data ◽

Independent Variable

При разработке аллометрических моделей биомассы деревьев и древостоев имеется ряд неопределенностей, обусловленных несовершенством методических приемов как при получении исходной информации, так и при ее обработке с целью выявления искомых закономерностей. В статье дан анализ двух методических мифов, распространенных при оценке биомассы ассимиляционного аппарата деревьев и древостоев. Использована база экспериментальных данных о биомассе хвои (листвы) деревьев и древостоев соответственно в количестве 10,9 и 2,94 тысяч определений 16 и 10 древесных видов (родов) Евразии. На их основе построены всеобщие модели (generic models) биомассы хвои (листвы) на уровнях дерева и древостоя. Показано завышение оценок биомассы листвы (хвои) в результате механического переноса традиционного метода моделирования объема ствола дерева и древостоя на оценку биомассы их ассимиляционного аппарата. Рекомендовано отказаться от использования предиктора (D2 H) и включать в модель или один диаметр ствола, или диаметр ствола и высоту дерева раздельно. От использования полноты в качестве независимой переменной в модели ассимиляционного аппарата древостоев можно отказаться и во избежание возможных смещений оценок включать вместо полноты совокупность двух независимых переменных – густоту древостоя и средний диаметр стволов. When developing allometric models of the biomass of trees and forests, there are a number of uncertainties due to the imperfection of methodological techniques both for obtaining harvest data and for processing it in order to identify the desired patterns. Two methodological myths are analyzed in the paper that are common in assessing the foliage biomass of trees and stands. We used the database of harvest data on the foliage biomass of trees and stands, in the amount of 10.9 and 2.94 thousand definitions of 16 and 10 tree species (genera) of Eurasia respectively. Generic models of the foliage biomass are designed at tree and stand levels. It is shown that the estimation of foliage biomass is overestimated as a result of mechanical transfer of the traditional methods of modeling the volume of a tree stem and a forest stand to the estimation of the foliage biomass. It is recommended to abandon the use of the predictor (D2 H) and include in the model either single diameter of a stem, or the stem diameter and tree height separately. The use of basal area as an independent variable in the model of the stand foliage can be abandoned and, in order to avoid possible biases of estimates, include instead of it a set of two independent variables – the tree density and the average stem diameter.

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Influences of determined and estimated dendrometric variables on the precision of volumetric modelling

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/105/2021-jfs ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 67 (No. 12) ◽

pp. 553-561

Author(s):

José Antonio Aleixo Da Silva ◽

Rinaldo Luiz Caraciolo Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Tree Height ◽

Information Criterion ◽

Ground Level ◽

Percentage Error ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Significance Level ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Semi Arid Region ◽

Fit Index ◽

Total Tree

The use of independent variables in volumetric modelling is an important step in fitting models to represent tree or stand characteristics. The DBH measured at 1.3 m from the ground level and total tree height (Ht) are the most commonly used independent variables when modelling individual tree volumes. This work aimed to analyze the importance of independent variables in fitting and selecting volumetric equations. A total of 750 trees from an experiment with three Eucalyptus spp. clones planted in five spacings in the semi-arid region of Pernambuco were used. Four statistical procedures were applied to compare the equations: Adjusted Fit Index (AFI), Akaike information criterion (AIC), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and a completely random design having the real tree volume as control and the fit equations as treatments. The error measuring heights in the field (EH) was also analyzed. Four heights were evaluated: Ht, height estimated in the field (He) and heights adjusted (Ha) from hypsometric relationships using the DBH [Ha (a)] and D<sub>1.7</sub> [Ha (b)], which was the diameter most correlated with the volume. The result indicates that all 18 fitted models provided high precision volumetric equations which do not differ at the 5% significance level.

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