scholarly journals 3D MODELING AND PRODUCTION SCHEDULING OF KHEWRA SALT MINES

2021 ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Azghar Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Production Scheduling ◽  
3D Model ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Salt Mines ◽  
Salt Range ◽  
Geological Features ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Remedial Actions ◽  
Mining Procedure

In this study, AutoCAD based 3D Modelling of production scheduling, visualization of mining, and geological features in Khewra Salt Mines are showing. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), photogrammetry and GIS Softwares are used to generate 3D surface modelling of Khewra Salt Mining Area. Khewra Salt Mines is the oldest and largest mine of sub-continent in the Salt Range with huge salt reserves from industrial quality to piece grade. Being a state-of-the-art mine consisting of 17 levels, 70 chambers with hundreds of tunnels, a layman pattern of development and manual mining procedure is followed with handy-made planes and maps. Hundreds of levels and cross-section maps were unified to a single 3D Model, presenting all mining features like tunnels, chambers, levels, inclines, and geological deposition of different salt seams with their thickness and qualities, overburden, and surface feature. The quantity of salt excavated since the beginning of mining is calculated for corroboration, and the remaining amounts of different qualities of salt are determined from the model. 3D topographic Modelling can also be used for area, volume calculations, and planning of remedial actions for rainwater inundations inside the mine.

scholarly journals Using plants to remediate or manage metal-polluted soils: an overview on the current state of phytotechnologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e58283
Author(s):  
Clístenes Williams Araújo do Nascimento ◽  
Caroline Miranda Biondi ◽  
Fernando Bruno Vieira da Silva ◽  
Luiz Henrique Vieira Lima
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Contaminated Site ◽  
Polluted Soils ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
Current State ◽  
Remedial Actions ◽  
The Tropics

Soil contamination by metals threatens both the environment and human health and hence requires remedial actions. The conventional approach of removing polluted soils and replacing them with clean soils (excavation) is very costly for low-value sites and not feasible on a large scale. In this scenario, phytoremediation emerged as a promising cost-effective and environmentally-friendly technology to render metals less bioavailable (phytostabilization) or clean up metal-polluted soils (phytoextraction). Phytostabilization has demonstrable successes in mining sites and brownfields. On the other hand, phytoextraction still has few examples of successful applications. Either by using hyperaccumulating plants or high biomass plants induced to accumulate metals through chelator addition to the soil, major phytoextraction bottlenecks remain, mainly the extended time frame to remediation and lack of revenue from the land during the process. Due to these drawbacks, phytomanagement has been proposed to provide economic, environmental, and social benefits until the contaminated site returns to productive usage. Here, we review the evolution, promises, and limitations of these phytotechnologies. Despite the lack of commercial phytoextraction operations, there have been significant advances in understanding phytotechnologies' main constraints. Further investigation on new plant species, especially in the tropics, and soil amendments can potentially provide the basis to transform phytoextraction into an operational metal clean-up technology in the future. However, at the current state of the art, phytotechnology is moving the focus from remediation technologies to pollution attenuation and palliative cares.

Designing an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Specific Aerial Applications of Insecticides and Herbicides

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed S. Mayeed ◽  
Gabriel Darveau
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Lift Force ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Von Mises Stress ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Flight Duration ◽  
Aerial Vehicle

In this study a gasoline powered hexa-copter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has been designed as a solution to farmers’ need for a low cost, easy to maintain, long flight duration, and multi-purpose means of specific aerial applications for insecticides and herbicides. Application of herbicides and pesticides by airplane is an example of how farmers have used technology to improve their bottom line and overall quality of life. Fields can now be sprayed in under an hour instead of consuming an entire day. However, if a producer has noxious weeds in only a small area, fixed-wing aerial application cannot be used as it is only accurate enough to do an entire field. Currently there is no solution for small scale, accurate, aerial herbicide application to meet this need. The currently available Yamaha Rmax UAV costs a tremendous amount of money and also requires a lot of money to maintain. Though it may be useful in large scale aerial spraying on the farm land, it would not be used in targeted specific areas as it is not efficient in specific applications. The gasoline powered hexacopter UAV designed in this study is a low cost solution to farmers’ need for specific aerial applications of insecticides and herbicides. The UAV design can carry 2–3 gallons of herbicide (16.7–25.0 lbs.) for a flight time of more than 30 minutes without refueling. The design could be transported in a 60.3in × 56.7in pickup bed. Structural and fatigue analyses are performed on the complete structure using state of the art software SolidWorks Simulation. The minimum factor of safety is obtained to be 10 based on maximum von Mises stress failure criteria. Under normal conditions with an estimated commercial use of 100 cycles per day it is observed that the design would survive for about 13 years without any fatigue failure. A drop test analysis is performed to ensure the design can survive a 5 feet freefall and a frequency analysis is also performed to observe the critical natural frequency of the structure. Flow simulations are performed on the 6 propellers/blades model using state of the art software SolidWorks Flow Simulation to observe the effect of vorticity interactions on the lift force. The design has been reasonably optimized based on maximizing the lift force. With this new UAV design small scale and substantial farmers could afford a personal UAV for aerial applications with a small amount of capital whose absence hindered efficient and effective specific aerial application for many years.

Development on Fault Detection and Diagnosis of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

2014 ◽  
Vol 494-495 ◽  
pp. 861-864
Author(s):  
Yi Peng Zhang ◽  
Ke Cai Cao
Keyword(s):  
Fault Detection ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Fault Detection And Diagnosis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Detection And Diagnosis

The reliability of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has caught the attention of many researchers in the past decades. This paper presents a review on the development and important issues of state-of-the-art researches in the field of fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) techniques. Faults on an individual unmanned aerial vehicle or a group of unmanned aerial vehicles are considered for providing an overall picture of fault detection and diagnosis approaches.

scholarly journals Monitoring the crisis of a rock glacier with repeated UAV surveys

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastián Vivero ◽  
Christophe Lambiel
Keyword(s):  
Visual Inspection ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Density Point ◽  
Rock Glacier ◽  
Talus Slope ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Alignment Errors ◽  
Geometric Changes

Abstract. In this study, rapid topographic changes and high creeping rates caused by the destabilisation of an active rock glacier in a steep mountain flank were investigated in detail with five unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveys between June 2016 and September 2017. State-of-the-art photogrammetric techniques were employed to derived high-density point clouds and high-resolution orthophoto mosaics from the studied landform. The accuracy of the co-registration of subsequent point clouds was carefully examined and adjusted based on comparing stable areas outside the rock glacier, which minimised 3-D alignment errors to a mean of 0.12 m. Elevation and volumetric changes in the destabilised rock glacier were quantified over the study period. Surface kinematics were estimated with a combination of image correlation algorithms and visual inspection of the orthophoto mosaics. Between June 2016 and September 2017, the destabilised part of the rock glacier advanced up to 60–75 m and mobilised a volume of around 27 000 m3 of material which was dumped over the lower talus slope. This study has demonstrated a robust and customisable monitoring approach that allows a detailed study of rock glacier geometric changes during a crisis phase.

scholarly journals Visualizations of the Doblar Accumulation Basin Based on the UAV Survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Klemen Kozmus Trajkovski ◽  
Gašper Štebe ◽  
Dušan Petrovič
Keyword(s):  
3D Model ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Contour Lines ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Dense Point ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Elevation Model

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Our research is based on a large case study of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) surveys, modelling and visualizations of the Doblar accumulation basin. The various approaches for UAV surveying of large, demanding terrain configurations, and the benefits of surveying products used as a basis for other interdisciplinary hydrological and environmental services were researched. The demanding mountainous terrain, the steep slopes and deep and narrow streams required detailed pre-planning of the survey, including the pre-survey terrain overview. The accumulation basin was emptied merely for a short period; thus, the survey was performed in unfavourable weather conditions, which included coldness, snowfall and wind. Point clouds were generated and georeferenced from the 4377 recorded photos. The dense point cloud contained approximately 222 million points in the medium setting and more than a billion in the high setting. A 3D model was built from the data. This became the basis for numerous further analyses and for the presentation using cartographic principles: a digital elevation model with a resolution of 10&amp;thinsp;cm, an orthophoto with a resolution of 10&amp;thinsp;cm, a 3D model draped with orthophoto, contour lines with a 1&amp;thinsp;m interval, topographic profiles, calculations of volumes at different water levels, a flythrough, augmented reality and a video simulation of the water level changes. The model can also serve as a basis for hydraulic and environmental analysis and simulations or used for analyses of the accumulation and deposition of river material compared with previous and future surveys.</p>

Assessment of Structure from Motion for reconnaissance augmentation and bandwidth usage reduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-225
Author(s):  
Jonathan Roeber ◽  
Scott Nykl ◽  
Scott Graham
Keyword(s):  
Structure From Motion ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Video Stream ◽  
Image Sensors ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
3D Virtual World ◽  
Remote System

Modern militaries rely upon remote image sensors for real-time intelligence. A typical remote system consists of an unmanned aerial vehicle, or UAV, with an attached camera. A video stream is sent from the UAV, through a bandwidth-constrained satellite connection, to an intelligence processing unit. In this research, an upgrade to this remote-video-stream method of collection is proposed. A set of synthetic images of a scene captured by an UAV in a virtual environment is sent to a pipeline of computer vision algorithms, collectively known as Structure from Motion. The output of Structure from Motion, a three-dimensional (3D) model, is then assessed in a 3D virtual world as a possible replacement for the images from which it was created. This study shows Structure from Motion results from a modifiable spiral flight path and compares the geoaccuracy of each result. A flattening of height is observed, and an automated compensation for this flattening is proposed and performed. Each reconstruction is also compressed, and the size of the compression is compared with the compressed size of the images from which it was created. A reduction of 49–60% of required space, or bandwidth, is shown. A corresponding video demonstrating this technique is available online.

Geodiversity, Geoheritage, Geoconservation: a semantic challenge

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alizia Mantovani ◽  
Vincenzo Lombardo ◽  
Marco Giardino
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Geological Heritage ◽  
Semantic Approach ◽  
Geological Feature ◽  
Geological Features ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
Machine Readable

&lt;p&gt;The concept of geoheritage took more and more relevance since the International Conference of Protection of Geological Heritage in 1991 (Martini, 1994).&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;During these 30 years, many authors have been proposing their definitions of geoheritage. The analysis of these definitions highlights how the geoheritage concept&amp;#160;is deeply connected with geodiversity and geoconservation. All the definitions tend to select geoheritage among the geodiversity elements that are worthy of inclusion into the geoconservation programs because of their value for humanity. The &amp;#8220;relevance for humanity&amp;#8221;, however, seems to diverge in the several definitions, in what are the values and the qualities that a geological feature should possess to be considered part of geological heritage. For example, the list of values proposed by Shaples (2002), including tourism and sense of place, differs from the list proposed by Brilha (2016), including values as economic and functional, and they both differ from the geosystem services approach by Gray (2013), where relevant values are also provisioning and regulation. Lately, Brilha (2018) stated that only the scientific value is a condition to include a geologic feature in the geologic heritage category. However, the definition of what this &amp;#8220;scientific value&amp;#8221; represents is not clear, as for the other values of the different lists provided by the various authors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The result of this variety of definitions and qualities raises a high level of ambiguity, with the result that some geological features may be considered geoheritage by one author and not by another author.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The aim of this presentation is to analyze the definitions of geodiversity geoheritage and geoconservation and address the differences and similarities with a semantic approach. This is the first step of a wider research: we will address the state of the art to pursue a semantic characterization of definitions and their encoding into an ontological, machine-readable approach, with the aim to reduce the level of ambiguity of the above cited concepts. This research can lead to improve the knowledge about geodiversity and geoheritage and increase the transparency in the decision process for what concerns programs of geoconservation and institution of geosites or geoparks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Brilha, J., 2016. Inventory and Quantitative Assessment of Geosites and Geodiversity Sites: a Review. Geoheritage 8, 119&amp;#8211;134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-014-0139-3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gray, M., 2013. Geodiversity: Valuing and Conserving Abiotic Nature, 2nd ed. Wiley Blackwell, Chichester, UK.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Martini, G. (Ed.), 1994. Actes du Premier Symposium international sur la protection du patrimoine g&amp;#233;ologique: Digne-les-Bains, 11-16 juin 1991. Soci&amp;#232;t&amp;#232; G&amp;#232;ologique de France, Paris.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sharples, Chris. (2002). Concepts and principles of geoconservation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

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