Geological feature clarification of the contact zone of Akhskaya and Cherkashinskaya formations on the example of Priobskaya area

The first phase of subcycle AC12 formation on the example of the southern part of the Priobskoye field is considered. The job is done based on 3d seismic and geological model complexing with the using log interpretation. The erosion zone that violates the original structure of the upper part of the deep-sea clay pack III of akhskaya formation by paleochannels was revealed. These erosions form lithologic traps, isolated from the top productive reservoirs of subcycle AC12.

Geodiversity, Geoheritage, Geoconservation: a semantic challenge

<p>The concept of geoheritage took more and more relevance since the International Conference of Protection of Geological Heritage in 1991 (Martini, 1994). </p><p>During these 30 years, many authors have been proposing their definitions of geoheritage. The analysis of these definitions highlights how the geoheritage concept is deeply connected with geodiversity and geoconservation. All the definitions tend to select geoheritage among the geodiversity elements that are worthy of inclusion into the geoconservation programs because of their value for humanity. The “relevance for humanity”, however, seems to diverge in the several definitions, in what are the values and the qualities that a geological feature should possess to be considered part of geological heritage. For example, the list of values proposed by Shaples (2002), including tourism and sense of place, differs from the list proposed by Brilha (2016), including values as economic and functional, and they both differ from the geosystem services approach by Gray (2013), where relevant values are also provisioning and regulation. Lately, Brilha (2018) stated that only the scientific value is a condition to include a geologic feature in the geologic heritage category. However, the definition of what this “scientific value” represents is not clear, as for the other values of the different lists provided by the various authors.</p><p>The result of this variety of definitions and qualities raises a high level of ambiguity, with the result that some geological features may be considered geoheritage by one author and not by another author.</p><p>The aim of this presentation is to analyze the definitions of geodiversity geoheritage and geoconservation and address the differences and similarities with a semantic approach. This is the first step of a wider research: we will address the state of the art to pursue a semantic characterization of definitions and their encoding into an ontological, machine-readable approach, with the aim to reduce the level of ambiguity of the above cited concepts. This research can lead to improve the knowledge about geodiversity and geoheritage and increase the transparency in the decision process for what concerns programs of geoconservation and institution of geosites or geoparks.</p><p>References</p><p>Brilha, J., 2016. Inventory and Quantitative Assessment of Geosites and Geodiversity Sites: a Review. Geoheritage 8, 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-014-0139-3</p><p>Gray, M., 2013. Geodiversity: Valuing and Conserving Abiotic Nature, 2nd ed. Wiley Blackwell, Chichester, UK.</p><p><br>Martini, G. (Ed.), 1994. Actes du Premier Symposium international sur la protection du patrimoine géologique: Digne-les-Bains, 11-16 juin 1991. Sociètè Gèologique de France, Paris.</p><p>Sharples, Chris. (2002). Concepts and principles of geoconservation.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

Features of Distribution of Oil and Gas Deposits in the Earth’s Crust

Hydrocarbon deposits within oil and gas-bearing territories are distributed very unevenly both in area and in the section of sedimentary deposits, which is the main geological feature of oil and gas placement in the subsurface. The formation of hydrocarbon accumulations in the sedimentary cover is due to a set of genetic factors, which ultimately determines the patterns of placement of oil and gas accumulations along the section and area of the sedimentary cover. The study of the factors determining the zonation of oil and gas accumulation and genetically her condition, zoning of oil and gas formation, contributes not only to expanding our knowledge on the fundamental problems of petroleum geology, but also improve the efficiency of exploration.

Application of electromagnetic and electrical resistivity methods for foundation studies at Ahmadu Bello University Phase II, Zaria

Very Low-Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and 2D electrical resistivity survey were carried out at the Ahmadu Bello University Phase II in order to investigate the suitability of the soil materials for the foundation of super-structures in the study area. The Terra-Plus equipment and ABEM SAS 4000 were used for VLF-EM and resistivity data acquisition respectively. The VLF-EM Data were collected along five (5) profiles at station interval of 10 m along each profile. The data collected from each of the VLF-EM profile were processed and interpreted with the aid of Karous-Hjelt and Fraser filter software. Electrical resistivity profile was laid on the weak zones revealed by the 2D VLF-EM profiles through the aid of dipole-dipole configuration. The data obtained were processed and interpreted with the aid of Res2Dinv software. Borehole log of the study area was used as additional information which serves as a calibration tool. The 2D imaging profile of VLF-EM highly correlates with resistivity profile. The 2D VLF-EM and resistivity profiles revealed the conductive zone and resistive zones. These zones are suspected to be geological features (dyke, faults and fractures). This geological feature such as fracture zones was filled with an earth’s materials which are probably sandy clay and mottled clay, and these materials are highly undesirable for the foundation of building structures due to its characteristics of swelling and contracting during rainy and dry season respectively. Thus, undesirable materials should be excavated and be refilled with suitable materials for the foundation of super-structures and also, geological bodies should be avoided when the foundation of the structures is to be erected. Keyword: VLF-EM, electrical resistivity, foundation of super-structures, geological feature, undesirable materials

1683: The French Build a Fort

This chapter details the construction of Sieur de La Salle's Fort St. Louis atop Starved Rock. Located along the south shore of the Illinois River in LaSalle County, Illinois, the 125-foot-tall bluff known today as Starved Rock, or Le Rocher to the French, is the tallest and best-known geological feature in the upper Illinois Valley. The strategic advantages of the site, especially during times of Iroquois unrest, were many. The summit of Starved Rock is relatively level when compared to all other sandstone bluffs in the vicinity. It was easily defended by a handful of men, and lookouts could monitor both upstream and downstream approaches to the bluff. With the fort on Starved Rock completed and alliance with the tribes established, La Salle hoped to provide the Indians much-needed trade goods. Having promised the tribes that trade goods would be available at his fort, La Salle was now tasked with procuring those goods and transporting them to Starved Rock. In addition, among the powers and responsibilities specified in La Salle's royal patent was the authority to award land grants to settlers.

Retrospective InSAR Analysis of East London during the Construction of the Lee Tunnel

The Lee Tunnel was constructed as the first part of the Thames Tideway Improvement scheme, between 2010 and 2016. With tunnelling for the East section of the main Thames Tideway Tunnel, which joins the Lee Tunnel at Abbey Mills Pumping Station, beginning in early 2020, this paper investigates patterns of deformation in East London during construction of the Lee Tunnel. An unexpected geological feature, later identified as a drift filled hollow, was discovered during tunnelling. This study demonstrates that had eight years of ERS Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) data been analysed prior to tunnelling, the unusual pattern of displacement may have been recognised and further targeted borehole investigations taken place before the launch of the tunnel boring machine. Results also show how areas of different land use, including cemeteries and historic landfill, exhibit differences in settlement behaviour, compared with surrounding terraced housing. This research highlights the challenges in interpreting PSI results in an urban area with ongoing construction and the value of a long archive of data, which now spans almost three decades in London, that can be used to establish a baseline prior to construction.

Robert Jameson's transition from Neptunism to Plutonism as reflected in his lectures at Edinburgh University, 1820–33

Robert Jameson is generally remembered for championing Neptunist geology (originated by Abraham Werner) during its early nineteenth-century competition with the rival Plutonist theory (initiated by James Hutton). Hutton's ideas prevailed and Jameson's intellectual transition to Plutonism is documented in the surviving notes taken by students who attended his lectures at Edinburgh University: one early record is from 1809, a second record is from c. 1820 and four sets of notes are from the early 1830s. Of the latter four, two have not been previously considered from a geological perspective and prove to be the most revelatory of Jameson's conversion; notes compiled by the Royal Navy surgeon Robert McCormick are particularly comprehensive. Although Jameson attempted to maintain the essentials of Werner's theory for its well-ordered stratigraphy, he progressively adopted a Plutonist approach to more contentious issues such as the origin of granite, veining and mountain building. Jameson used Edinburgh's Salisbury Crags sill for field demonstrations and the students’ notes illustrate his changing views in terms of the origins of this classic geological feature. Of the students whose lecture notes survive, it is only McCormick for whom Jameson appears to have been a lasting geological influence.