scholarly journals The Epidemiological Implications of Deer Fly Nuisance Biting and Transmission of Loiasis in an Endemic Area in Southeastern Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Chukwunenye Uttah
Keyword(s):  
Endemic Area ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Biting Rate ◽  
Human Landing ◽  
Two Peaks

This work was aimed at determining the epidemiological implications of deer fly biting in Southeastern Nigeria and ascertaining the circadian and monthly biting pattern and the transmission potential of Chrysops in the area. Human-landing catches were carried out for 52 weeks by a catching team of four. A total of 930 female Chrysops sp. was caught; biting peaked during the months of June through August. The highest monthly biting rate (MBR) was 353 bites per person per month in July 2006. The annual biting rate (ABR) was 3,317 bites per person per year. The overall infective rate was 3.8%. A total of 314 L3s was recorded with a mean of 9.8 L3s per infective Chrysops. The highest monthly transmission potential (MTP) was 389 infective bites per month observed in July 2006. The annual transmission potential (ATP) was 1,265 infective bites per person per year. Parous rate was 29.3% and was higher during dry months of October through February. The circadian biting activities showed two peaks: between 07:00 and 10:00 hours and between 15:00 and 17:00 hours. The epidemiological implications of deer fly biting in the area are multifaceted. Resources must not be spared in bringing an end to their menace.

scholarly journals Filariasis Control in Coastal Nigeria: Predictive Significance of Baseline Entomological Indices of Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel C. Uttah ◽  
Dominic Ibe ◽  
Gloria N. Wokem
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Human Landing Catch ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Biting Rate ◽  
Human Landing ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae S.L

This work aimed at collecting filariasis transmission data of Anopheles gambiae to be used in predicting future trends in filariasis transmission and control programme outcomes. Collection of the mosquitoes was made by human landing catch and light trap methods. In all, 5,813 females were caught from September 2005 to August 2006. Mosquito population started to expand at the onset of the rains. The highest density was found after peak temperature. The A. gambiae s.l. biting peaked around midnight; 39.7% were parous and 0.3% were infective. The highest percentage of parous females caught was near midnight, ranging between 42.0% and 47.5% from 22.00 to 03.00 hours. Biting rate in the rainy season was 2.6 times higher than it in the dry season. Transmission potential was 3.6 times higher during the rains than during the dry season. The percentage infectivity was relatively high (13.2%) in June, corresponding to 8.8 infective bites per person per month. All infective A. gambiae, were caught between 22.00 and 03.00 hours. The average load of L3 larvae per infective A. gambiae was 1.4 L3/mosquito. The monthly transmission potential calculated for each month indicated that transmission was ongoing for most of the months of the year, especially in the rainy season.

scholarly journals PERILAKU MENGHISAP DARAH NYAMUK ANOPHELES SPP. DI DESA SAKETA, KECAMATAN GANE BARAT, HALMAHERA SELATAN, MALUKU UTARA

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
Shinta Shinta ◽  
Amirullah Baharudin
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Malaria Endemic Area ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Biting Rate ◽  
Human Landing

ABSTRACT  South Halmahera is a malaria-endemic area in Indonesia. One of the efforts to control the vector is to get information on Anopheles spp mosquito bionomics. This study aims to understand the Anopheles spp blood-sucking behavior in Saketa Village, South Halmahera Regency. The study was conducted from May 2013 to April 2014. Catching mosquitoes was carried out from morning to evening using the Human Landing Collection (HLC) method. The results found 9 species of Anopheles namely, An. barbumbrosus, An. farauti, An. kochi, An. indefinitus, An. koliensis, An. punctulatus, An. subpictus, An. tesselatus and An. vagus. The highest Man Hour Density (MHD) is found at an altitude of 25 meters above sea level, namely An. kochi, and An. indefinitus (2.15 and 1.45 mosquitoes/person /hour). MHD at an altitude of 3 masl is dominated by An. kochi and An. indefinitus (1.95, and 1.8 mosquitoes/person/hour). Man Biting Rate (MBR) at an altitude of 25 meters above sea level is dominated by An. kochi and An. indifinitus (25,90 and 17,47 mosquitoes/person/day), at an altitude of 9 masl, dominated by An. punctulatus and An.indefinitus (4,82 and 4,22 mosquitoes/person/day), at an altitude of 3 meters is dominated by An.indefinitus and An. kochi (21.69 and 23.49 mosquitoes/person/day). Anopheles spp. the number of caught at 06.00-07.00 is very low, but the density An. kochi and An. indefinitus increased at 07.00-08.00 and decreased after 17.00. Other Anopheles species remain with low populations throughout capture. Keywords: Anopheles spp., Malaria, Saketa village   ABSTRAK Halmahera Selatan merupakan daerah endemis malaria di Indonesia. Salah satu upaya pengendalian vektor adalah mendapatkan informasi bionomik nyamuk Anopheles spp. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami perilaku menghisap darah Anopheles spp di Desa Saketa, Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan. Penelitian dilaksanakan dari bulan Mei 2013 hingga April 2014. Penangkapan nyamuk dilakukan dari pagi hingga sore hari dengan metode Human Landing Collection (HLC). Hasil penelitian menemukan 9 spesies Anopheles yaitu, An. barbumbrosus, An. farauti, An. kochi, An. indefinitus, An. koliensis, An. punctulatus, An. subpictus, An. tesselatus dan An. vagus. Man Hour Density (MHD) tertinggi ditemukan pada ketinggian 25 mdpl yaitu An. kochi, dan An. indefinitus (2,15 dan 1,45 nyamuk/orang/jam). MHD pada ketinggian 3 mdpl didominasi oleh nyamuk An. kochi dan An. indefinitus (1,95, dan 1,8 nyamuk/orang/jam). Man Biting Rate (MBR) pada ketinggian 25 mdpl didominasi An. kochi dan An. indifinitus (25,90 dan 17,47 nyamuk/org/hari), pada ketinggian 9 mdpl, didominasi oleh An. punctulatus dan An. indefinitus (4,82 dan 4,22 nyamuk/org/hari), pada ketinggian 3 meter didominasi oleh An.indefinitus dan An. kochi (21,69 dan 23,49 nyamuk/org/hari). Anopheles spp. yang tertangkap pada jam 06.00-07.00 jumlahnya sangat rendah, namun kepadatan An. kochi dan An. indefinitus meningkat pada pukul 07.00-08.00 dan menurun setelah pukul 17.00. Spesies Anopheles lainnya tetap dengan populasi yang rendah sepanjang waktu penangkapan. Kata kunci: Anopheles spp., malaria, Desa Saketa

scholarly journals LAMA HIDUP DAN POTENSI Culex quinquefasciatus SEBAGAI VEKTOR FILARIASIS LIMFATIK BERDASARKAN KETINGGIAN PASCA TRANSMISSION ASSESMENT SURVEY (TAS) DI KABUPATEN SUBANG, JAWA BARAT

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-166
Author(s):  
Endang Puji Astuti ◽  
Mutiara Widawati ◽  
Yuneu Yuliasih ◽  
Andri Ruliansyah ◽  
Asep Jajang Kusnandar
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Mosquito Abundance ◽  
Biting Rate ◽  
Human Landing ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Density Behavior ◽  
Entomological Data

The study on the bioecology of Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) vector is necessary to be used as a support to eliminate LF due to the lack of entomological data for LF vector in Subang, especially after the Provision of Mass Drug Administration for Filariasis Prevention. This study aims to identify mosquito species, density, behavior, longevity, presence of the filaria worm in mosquitoes, and to identify the distribution of mosquitoes in the highlands and lowlands in selected villages in Subang district. This study is part of Lymphatic filariasis (multicenter) evaluation study in Indonesia. The data was collected by using human landing collection method and vector habitat survey data. The entomological data analyzed from the calculation of Man hour density (MHD), Man biting rate (MBR), and longevity, while the relationship between variables and mosquito abundance using Pearson's correlation. The results indicated that the density of mosquitoes caught in Rancahilir was higher than Curug rendeng villages, these results are similar to the LF vector suspect mosquito (Cx. quinquefasciatus). These mosquitoes are found outdoor with peak densities at 22.00-23.00 West Indonesia Time. Altitude has an association with the density of mosquitoes (p-value 0.039). The longevity of Cx. quinquefasciatus population is 10-13 days. At that longevity, vectors are at risk for infective filarial worms. The result shows that Cx. quinquefasciatus collected in this study was negative for filarial worms. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that in Subang, filariasis transmission chain prevention has been successful. However, periodic evaluations is still need to be carried out in order to prevent re-infection of the disease. Abstrak Kajian tentang bioekologi nyamuk vektor Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) di Kabupatem Subang perlu dilakukan. Kajian ini sebagai pendukung untuk menuju eliminasi LF mengingat belum optimalnya data entomologi nyamuk vektor di Subang, terutama pasca Pemberian Obat Masal Pencegahan (POMP) filariasis. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi spesies, kepadatan, perilaku, umur panjang (longevity) populasi nyamuk, identifikasi keberadaan cacing filaria pada nyamuk vektor LF serta menganalisis perbedaan distribusi nyamuk pada dataran tinggi dan rendah di desa terpilih di Kabupaten Subang. Penelitian ini merupakan analisis lanjut dari penelitian “Studi evaluasi filariasis (multicenter) di Indonesia” yang dilaksanakan di beberapa kabupaten di Indonesia.  Data yang diambil, yaitu data survei vektor yang menggunakan metode Human Landing Collection (HLC) dan survei habitat vektor. Analisa data entomologi menggunakan perhitungan Man hour density (MHD), Man-biting rate (MBR) dan  nilai umur panjang nyamuk (longevity), sedangkan hubungan antar variabel dengan kepadatan menggunakan korelasi pearson. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan nyamuk yang tertangkap di Desa Rancahilir (dataran rendah) lebih banyak dibandingkan di Desa Curug rendeng (dataran tinggi), termasuk kepadatan nyamuk Cx. quinquefasciatus yang juga dominan di wilayah ini. Nyamuk ini banyak ditemukan di luar rumah dengan puncak kepadatan pada jam 22.00-23.00 WIB. Ketinggian mempunyai hubungan dengan kepadatan nyamuk tertangkap (p value 0,039). Umur populasi nyamuk Cx. quinquefasciatus 10-13 hari. Umur ini menunjukkan umur populasi yang berisiko untuk infektif cacing filaria. Hasil pemeriksaan nyamuk Cx. quinquefasciatus negatif terhadap cacing filarial. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa di Kabupaten Subang telah berhasil memutuskan rantai penularan filaria. Namun, masih perlu dilaksanakan evaluasi berkala agar tidak terjadi penularan kembali di wilayah ini.

scholarly journals An entomological study of onchocerciasis vectors, Simulium damnosum s.l., in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude MAKENGA BOF ◽  
Paul MANSIANGI ◽  
Josué ZANGA ◽  
Félicien ILUNGA ◽  
Yves COPPIETERS
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Plants ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
River Blindness ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Simulium Damnosum ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Biting Rate

Abstract Background Onchocerciasis, a parasitic disease caused by the filarial worm Onchocerca volvulus transmitted through the bite of Simulium (black flies), is a cause of global concern, with the African population being majorly affected. This study focused on the bite rates, bite cycle, and transmission potential of Simulium damnosum s.l. in two sites with river blindness outbreaks in Kinshasa, DRC: Gombe (S1) and Mont-Ngafula at Kimwenza (S2). Methods From August 1, 2019, to July 31, 2020, we captured adult female black flies near breeding sites along the Congo River at S1 and Lukaya Valley at S2. Collections using human baits at the two sites were conducted for five days/month. Results A total of 6082 black flies of species Simulium squamosum (classified based on other entomological surveys) were captured during the study period. The daily cycle of aggression revealed two peaks: one between 8 and 9 a.m. and the other between 4 and 5 p.m. Low bite rates were observed between 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. The annual biting rate/person reached 13,463 in S1 and 23,638 in S2, with a total of 37,101 bites/person. The average daily biting rate, 37 ± 10 and 69 ± 23 bites/day/person in S1 and S2, respectively, did not differ significantly (P = 0.8901). The high density of the host population can disrupt the transmission of vector-borne diseases by diluting the transmission indices. There was no evidence of onchocerciasis transmission at the study sites because of inadequate laboratory facilities in the DRC. Various larval supports have been identified: at Gombe: aquatic plants, plastic bags, dead leaves, and rocks; at Kimwenza: Ledermaniella ledermanii (the most abundant species at the site), plastic bags, artificial waste, and aquatic plants. Conclusions The study provides further evidence for the need for alternative strategies to eliminate the parasite in the formerly hyper-endemic foci.

scholarly journals The Abundance and Biting Patterns of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Culicidae) in the Coastal Region of Nigeria

ISRN Zoology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel C. Uttah ◽  
Gloria N. Wokem ◽  
Christiana Okonofua
Keyword(s):  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Human Landing Catch ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Human Landing ◽  
The Mean

This study was aimed at determining the abundance and biting patterns of Culex quinquefasciatus in the coastal region of Nigeria. Collections were done by human landing catch and by CDC miniature light traps from September 2005 to August 2006. A total of 3798 C. quinquefasciatus females were collected. The highest number of females was caught in the month of August and it represented nearly a quarter (24.0%) of the total females collected. In all, 38.8% of females dissected were parous. The abundance of C. quinquefasciatus followed the pattern of rainfall with the population starting to expand at the onset of the rains. The highest increase was found after the temperature had peaked. The mean of biting was 3.2 times more in the rainy season than in the dry season, whereas the transmission potential was higher in the dry season. C. quinquefasciatus is presently regarded as a biting nuisance having no significant epidemiological importance yet. Efforts at its control should be intensified before it is too late.

scholarly journals Biting Pattern and Seasonality of Filariasis Vector of Mansonia spp. in Endemic Area of Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatera, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (E) ◽  
pp. 509-517
Author(s):  
Rini Pratiwi ◽  
Adri Huda ◽  
Ahmad Ghiffari ◽  
Chairil Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Endemic Area ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Vector Control Programme ◽  
Human Landing ◽  
Mosquito Behaviour ◽  
Mansonia Uniformis ◽  
Filariasis Vector ◽  
Biting Behaviour ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

The diversity and biting activity of Mansonia is important to be determined as to predict the incriminated vector and pattern the mosquito behaviour in establishing the vector control programme. The present study has been successfully conducted to investigate the prolonged biting behaviour of Mansonia spp. in two villages in Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatera Province-Indonesia, using Human Landing Collection method (HLC) in indoor and outdoor for 14 months. The result shows that there are 4956 Mansonia spp. mosquitoes collected during the study comprising 6 species: Mansonia uniformis (40.37%), Mansonia annulifera (32.04%), Mansonia indiana (19.97%), Mansonia bonneae (5.28), Mansonia dives (2.14%); and Mansonia annulata (0.18%). The further investigation confirms that Mansonia uniformis (41.254%) and Mansonia bonneae (45.490%) become the most dominant species caught in Sedang village and Muara Sugih village, respectively and find higher biting activities in outdoor than indoor with biting peaked time at approximately 18.00-19.00. However, the biting activities is also observed in daytime, indicating the behaviour change of Mansonia spp. as the nocturnal mosquitoes. Furthermore, the periods of the highest biting rates are found in April 2017 and May 2017 in Sedang village and May 2018 in Muara Sugih Village. The high period of biting activities and behaviours become the valuable information to arrange the further controlling action of filariasis transmission in Sedang and Muara Sugih Villages as the endemic area of filariasis in South Sumatera, Indonesia.

scholarly journals Anopheline and human drivers of malaria risk in northern coastal, Ecuador: a pilot study

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Martin ◽  
Allison L. Hendershot ◽  
Iván Alejandro Saá Portilla ◽  
Daniel J. English ◽  
Madeline Woodruff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Bed Net ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Net Use ◽  
Biting Rate ◽  
Human Landing ◽  
Asymptomatic Infections

Abstract Background Understanding local anopheline vector species and their bionomic traits, as well as related human factors, can help combat gaps in protection. Methods In San José de Chamanga, Esmeraldas, at the Ecuadorian Pacific coast, anopheline mosquitoes were sampled by both human landing collections (HLCs) and indoor-resting aspirations (IAs) and identified using both morphological and molecular methods. Human behaviour observations (HBOs) (including temporal location and bed net use) were documented during HLCs as well as through community surveys to determine exposure to mosquito bites. A cross-sectional evaluation of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections was conducted alongside a malaria questionnaire. Results Among 222 anopheline specimens captured, based on molecular analysis, 218 were Nyssorhynchus albimanus, 3 Anopheles calderoni (n = 3), and one remains unidentified. Anopheline mean human-biting rate (HBR) outdoors was (13.69), and indoors (3.38) (p = 0.006). No anophelines were documented resting on walls during IAs. HBO-adjusted human landing rates suggested that the highest risk of being bitten was outdoors between 18.00 and 20.00 h. Human behaviour-adjusted biting rates suggest that overall, long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (LLINs) only protected against 13.2% of exposure to bites, with 86.8% of exposure during the night spent outside of bed net protection. The malaria survey found 2/398 individuals positive for asymptomatic P. falciparum infections. The questionnaire reported high (73.4%) bed net use, with low knowledge of malaria. Conclusion The exophagic feeding of anopheline vectors in San Jose de Chamanga, when analysed in conjunction with human behaviour, indicates a clear gap in protection even with high LLIN coverage. The lack of indoor-resting anophelines suggests that indoor residual spraying (IRS) may have limited effect. The presence of asymptomatic infections implies the presence of a human reservoir that may maintain transmission.

scholarly journals Seasonality, parity rates and transmission indices of Mansonella ozzardi (Manson) (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) by Cerqueirellum argentiscutum (Shelley & Luna Dias) (Diptera: Simulidae) in a lower Solimões River community, Amazonas, Brazil

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jansen Fernandes de Medeiros ◽  
Victor Py-Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Biting Rate ◽  
Solimões River

Mansonella ozzardi is transmitted by two dipterian families, Ceratopogonidae (midges) and Simuliidae (black flies). In Brazil, black flies are vectors for this filariasis until now. In this paper, we determined the seasonality, parity capacity and parasitic infection rate of Cerqueirellum argentiscutum. The work was carried out in the Porto Japão community, Lower Solimões River, Amazonas, Brazil. Results show that the black flies were more abundant during the rainy season (from December to May). The number of parous flies was higher in every sampling during the course of year. Monthly Biting Rate (MBR1 123742.00, MBR2 86701.50) was high, although Parasitic Infection Rate (PIR1 0.06, PIR2 0.08) and Annual Transmission Potential (ATP 7.25) were low in numbers.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Iklim Terhadap Peluang Umur Nyamuk Mansonia spp di Daerah Endemis Filariasis di Kabupaten Kapuas

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rasyid Ridha ◽  
Juhairiyah Juhairiyah ◽  
Deni Fakhrizal
Keyword(s):  
Endemic Area ◽  
Brugia Malayi ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Urban Village ◽  
Rainfall Index ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Human Landing

Latar belakang: Filariasis merupakan penyakit menular menahun yang disebabkan oleh cacing filaria jenis Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi dan Brugia timori melalui nyamuk sebagai vektor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh iklim terhadap peluang hidup di alam nyamuk Mansonia spp. di daerah endemis filariasis di Kelurahan Mandomai, Kabupaten KapuasMetode: . Koleksi nyamuk dengan metode human landing collection  di dalam dan diluar rumah, nyamuk yang tertangkap setelah di identifikasi dilakukan pembedahan. Pembedahan abdomen nyamuk untuk mengetahui paritas. Data iklim dan curah hujan diambil dari data BMKG.Hasil: Hasil penelitian diketahui Aktivitas menghisap darah Ma. uniformis di luar rumah banyak tertangkap pada pukul 21.00-22.00 dan di dalam rumah pada pukul 22.00-23.00. Aktivitas Ma. dives banyak tertangkap pada pagi hari yaitu pukul 04.00-05.00 di luar rumah, sedangkan di dalam rumah paling banyak pukul 23.00-24.00. Aktivitas Ma. annulata di luar rumah paling banyak tertangkap pada pukul 18.00-19.00 dan di dalam rumah paling banyak tertangkap pada pukul 19.00-20.00. Kepadatan tertinggi per hari (MBR) dan perjam (MHD) pada Ma. annulata  di luar rumah, sedangkan yang terendah pada Ma. dives. Berdasarakan data dari BMKG dan pengukuran di lapangan,  suhu di daerah Kelurahan Mandomai dari bulan juli sampai desember berkisar antara 28° C, dimana kelembaban dan curah hujan tertinggi terjadi pada bulan Desember. Peluang hidup di alam nyamuk Ma. uniformis 4,4 hari, Ma. dives 1,3 hari dan Ma. annulata 32,2 hari. Hasil uji statistik diketahui ada pengaruh indeks curah hujan dan kelembaban dengan Peluang hidup di alam Ma. annulataSimpulan: Ditemukannya nyamuk Mansonia yang berperan sebagai vektor dengan peluang hidup di alam lebih dari 14 hari sehingga iklim di Kelurahan Mandomai mendukung perkembangan nyamuk sebagai vektor ABSTRACT Title: Climate Influence on Mansonia spp Mosquito Age Spend in Endemic Filariasis Region in Kapuas DistrictBackground: Filariasis is a chronic infectious disease caused by filarial worms, i.e.  Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori species and transmitted by mosquitoes as vectors. Aim this study to determine the effect of climate on the chances of living in the nature of mosquito Mansonia spp. in the filariasis endemic area of Mandomai Village, Kapuas DistrictMethods: Mosquitoes are collected by human landing collection of people in and out the home, abdominal surgery mosquitoes to know parity. Climate dan rainfall index are taken from BMKG.Results: The result showed activity of blood sucking outdoors caught at 21.00-22.00 and indoor 22.00-23.00 for Ma. uniformis. Caught in the morning at 04.00-05.00 outside, while indoor 23.00-24.00 for Ma. dives. Outdoors Activity caught at most at 18.00-19.00 and indoor at 19.00-20.00 for Ma. annulata. The highest density man bitting fate and man hour density in Ma. annulata is outdoors, while the lowest on Ma. dives. Based on data from BMKG and field measurements, the temperatures in the Mandomai Urban Village from July to December ranged from 28 ° C, while humidity and the highest rainfall occurred in December. Longevity of mosquito 4.4 days for Ma. uniformis, 1.3 days for Ma. dives and 32.2 days Ma. annulata. The results of statistical test known to have influence of temperature dan index of rainfall with longevity of Ma. uniformis and Ma. dives.Conclusion: The discovery of Mansonia mosquito that acts as a vector with longevity more than 14 days, so that the climate in Mandomai village supports the development of mosquitoes as vectors

Onchocerca ochengi: epidemiological evidence of cross-protection against Onchocerca volvulus in man

Parasitology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. WAHL ◽  
P. ENYONG ◽  
A. NGOSSO ◽  
J. M. SCHIBEL ◽  
R. MOYOU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Onchocerca Volvulus ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Biting Rate ◽  
Crop Farming ◽  
Onchocerca Ochengi ◽  
Sudan Savanna ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High

In North Cameroon, the vector of Onchocerca volvulus (causative agent of human onchocerciasis) also transmits 2 filariae of animals: O. ochengi from cattle and O. ramachandrini from wart hogs. In order to assess the qualitative and quantitative roles of these ‘animal filariae’ in the epidemiology of O. volvulus, the transmission of the 3 parasites was measured in 2 villages and related to the endemicity of human onchocerciasis. In Galim, a cattle-farming Guinea savanna village where wild animals are rare, the overwhelming majority of all filarial infections found in the Simulium damnosum s.l. vectors throughout the year were O. ochengi (89%). The remaining infections were mainly O. volvulus (10·5%), and a few O. ramachandrini (0·5%). In Karna, a crop-farming Sudan savanna village where cattle are rare, but wild animals common, flies were also more frequently infected with animal filariae than with the human parasite. In the dry season, when nomadic cattle are present, 54% of all infections were O. ochengi, 36% O. volvulus and 10% O. ramachindrini. In the rainy season, when the cattle move away, flies were mainly infected with O. ramachandrini (52% of all infections) and secondly with O. volvulus (48%). In Karna, the relationship between the Annual Transmission Potential (ATP) of O. volvulus and its prevalence in the human population conformed to other onchocerciasis foci, in that a moderate ATP led to hyperendemic onchocerciasis. In Galim, however, a 7-fold higher O. volvulus-ATP (caused by a very high biting rate of the flies) contrasted with a strikingly low endemicity of onchocerciasis. Since, at the same time, in Galim the transmission of O. ochengi (measured on man) was very high (15000 L3/fly collector/year), we hypothesize that the reduced endemicity of onchocerciasis in Galim is due to ‘natural heterologous vaccination’ by the large annual number of O. ochengi-L3, inoculated into man by anthropo-boophilic S. damnosum s.l. The importance of micro-epidemiology for the understanding of the interlinkage of human and animal onchocerciasis is discussed.

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