scholarly journals TOXIC EFFECTS OF LEAD ON FISH AND HUMAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Ishaque ◽  
S Ishaque ◽  
A Arif ◽  
HG Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Toxic Exposure ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Antioxidant Responses ◽  
Oxidative Stresses ◽  
Exposure Pathway ◽  
Pb Accumulation ◽  
Pb Exposure

Bioaccumulation is a characteristic aspect in toxicity caused by Pb exposure. Toxic effects are induced in fish due to Pb exposure effecting its biochemical and physiological functions. Exposure pathway (dietary and waterborne), environmental factors (salt-water or fresh water) and Pb binding capacity with protein, SH and sulfur group decide accumulation pattern of Pb exposure. Activation of antioxidant responses like TBARS, GSH, GST, CAT and SOD occurs in fish for its protection in response to the oxidative stresses induced in fish due to Pb accumulation. Disruption of neurotransmitter function also occurs due to Pb accumulation which causes neurotoxicity in fish. Pb interaction also disturbs immune system responses. In fish, various systems are affected due to Pb toxic exposure which can be used as an indicator of toxicity in aquatic environment.

scholarly journals Critical Role of Zinc as Either an Antioxidant or a Prooxidant in Cellular Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Ryul Lee
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Metal Binding ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cellular Systems ◽  
Oxidative Stresses ◽  
Dual Action

Zinc is recognized as an essential trace metal required for human health; its deficiency is strongly associated with neuronal and immune system defects. Although zinc is a redox-inert metal, it functions as an antioxidant through the catalytic action of copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase, stabilization of membrane structure, protection of the protein sulfhydryl groups, and upregulation of the expression of metallothionein, which possesses a metal-binding capacity and also exhibits antioxidant functions. In addition, zinc suppresses anti-inflammatory responses that would otherwise augment oxidative stress. The actions of zinc are not straightforward owing to its numerous roles in biological systems. It has been shown that zinc deficiency and zinc excess cause cellular oxidative stress. To gain insights into the dual action of zinc, as either an antioxidant or a prooxidant, and the conditions under which each role is performed, the oxidative stresses that occur in zinc deficiency and zinc overload in conjunction with the intracellular regulation of free zinc are summarized. Additionally, the regulatory role of zinc in mitochondrial homeostasis and its impact on oxidative stress are briefly addressed.

scholarly journals Comparative inhibition by hard and soft metal ions of steroid-binding capacity of renal mineralocorticoid receptor cross-linked to the 90-kDa heat-shock protein heterocomplex

1999 ◽  
Vol 341 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario D. GALIGNIANA ◽  
Graciela PIWIEN-PILIPUK
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Protein ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Mineralocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Chemical Hardness ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Steroid Binding

We analysed the inhibitory effectsin vitro and in vivo of several metal ions on aldosterone binding to the rat kidney mineralocorticoid receptor with the purpose of assessing possible toxic effects of those ions on sodium retention, as well as to obtain information on receptor structural requirements for ligand binding. For the assaysin vitro, the inhibitory effects of 20 metal ions were analysed on steroid-binding capacity for renal receptor cross-linked to 90-kDa heat-shock protein (hsp90) by pretreatment with dimethyl pimelimidate. Cross-linking prevented the artifactual dissociation of hsp90 (and, consequently, the loss of steroid binding) from the mineralocorticoid receptor due to the presence of high concentrations of salt in the incubation medium. Cross-linked heterocomplex showed no difference in ligand specificity and affinity with respect to native receptor, but increased stability upon thermal- or ionic-strength-induced destabilization was observed. Treatments in vitro with metal ions in the range 10-8-10-1 M resulted in a differential inhibitory effect for each particular ion on aldosterone binding. Using the negative logarithm of metal concentration for 50% inhibition, the ions could be correlated with their Klopman hardness constants. The analysis of this relationship led us to postulate three types of reaction: with thiol, imidazole and carboxyl groups. The essential role played by these residues in steroid binding was confirmed by chemical modification of cysteines with dithionitrobenzoic acid, histidines with diethyl pyrocarbonate and acidic amino acids with Woodward's reagent (N-ethyl-5-phenylisoxazolium-3′-sulphonate). Importantly, the toxic effects of some metal ions were also observed by treatments in vivo of adrenalectomized rats on both steroid-binding capacity and aldosterone-dependent sodium-retaining properties. We suggest that those amino acid residues are involved in the activation process of the mineralocorticoid receptor upon steroid binding. Thus toxic effects observed with these metal ions may be a consequence of modifications of those essential groups. Our results support the notion that toxicity of metals on renal mineralocorticoid function may be predicted according to their chemical hardness.

Health Risk Analysis for Pb Exposure of Human from Indoor Dust in Shenyang

2014 ◽  
Vol 675-677 ◽  
pp. 191-193
Author(s):  
Dan Jin ◽  
Dong Mei Zheng ◽  
Li Na Sun
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Indoor Dust ◽  
Dust Exposure ◽  
Exposure Risk ◽  
Pb Accumulation ◽  
Pb Exposure ◽  
Exposure Risk Assessment

The aim of this work was to study Pb accumulation in indoor dust, and health risk of human due to dust exposure. Risk assessment of Pb to human health: Pb is most harmful to human body. The reasons of non-carcinogenic risk in residential area may be that indoor is not swept regularly, in addition, indoor decoration, building materials and other factors may also affect the content of Pb in dust. Non-carcinogenic risk in children is not only more than adults but also beyond the safety threshold. Indoor dust has been a threat to the health of children in Shenyang.

Antioxidant responses to oxidant-mediated lung diseases

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (2) ◽  
pp. L246-L255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzy A. A. Comhair ◽  
Serpil C. Erzurum
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen Species ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Human Lung ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Antioxidant Responses ◽  
Oxidative Stresses ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Nonenzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Low Levels

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are generated throughout the human body. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants detoxify ROS and RNS and minimize damage to biomolecules. An imbalance between the production of ROS and RNS and antioxidant capacity leads to a state of “oxidative stress” that contributes to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases by damaging lipids, protein, and DNA. In general, lung diseases are related to inflammatory processes that generate increased ROS and RNS. The susceptibility of the lung to oxidative injury depends largely on its ability to upregulate protective ROS and RNS scavenging systems. Unfortunately, the primary intracellular antioxidants are expressed at low levels in the human lung and are not acutely induced when exposed to oxidative stresses such as cigarette smoke and hyperoxia. However, the response of extracellular antioxidant enzymes, the critical primary defense against exogenous oxidative stress, increases rapidly and in proportion to oxidative stress. In this paper, we review how antioxidants in the lung respond to oxidative stress in several lung diseases and focus on the mechanisms that upregulate extracellular glutathione peroxidase.

scholarly journals Physiological responses to lead and PEG-simulated drought stress in metallicolous and non-metallicolous Matthiola (Brassicaceae) species from Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behrooz Salehi-Eskandari ◽  
Mina Shahbazi Gahrouei ◽  
Robert S. Boyd ◽  
Nishanta Rajakaruna ◽  
Rasoul Ghasemi
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Brassicaceae Species ◽  
Pb Accumulation ◽  
Simulated Drought ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Abstract Aims Plants growing on quarry tailings at the Irankouh Pb/Zn mine encounter both drought stress and high levels of Pb. To better understand role of drought and Pb in plant adaptation to Pb/Zn quarry tailings, we compared effects of drought stress (simulated by polyethylene glycol - PEG) and Pb, individually and in concert, to determine how these stressors affected two plant species: the metallicolous species Matthiola flavida and the non-metallicolous M. incana. Methods Plants were exposed to Pb (Pb(NO3)2) and three levels of PEG (0, -0.5, and − 0.75 MPa) in a complete factorial design. Results Lead had non-significant effects on growth and oxidative stress but enhanced levels of osmoprotectants and phenol compounds in the metallicolous M. flavida, whereas in the non-metallicolous M. incana Pb had non-significant or toxic effects on the same variables (except for the osmoprotectants proline and glycine betaine, and anthocyanins). In contrast to M. incana, the metallicolous species was hypertolerant of Pb, showing strongly reduced root-to-shoot translocation and enhanced Pb accumulation in the root, especially when under drought stress. Conclusion We conclude that enhanced Pb accumulation in the root and reduced translocation to the shoot, particularly when under high PEG exposure in the metallicolous species, reduced toxic effects of Pb in the shoot. This was aided by the accumulation of reducing sugars and phenolic compounds as well as greater catalase activity.

scholarly journals Effect of lead on physiological and antioxidant responses in two Vigna unguiculata cultivars differing in Pb-accumulation

Chemosphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 397-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nila Maria Bezerril Fontenele ◽  
Maria de Lourdes Oliveira Otoch ◽  
Neuza Félix Gomes-Rochette ◽  
Alana Cecília de Menezes Sobreira ◽  
Adolph Annderson Gonçalves Costa Barreto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Antioxidant Responses ◽  
Pb Accumulation

scholarly journals Malathion-resistant Tribolium castaneum has enhanced response to oxidative stress, immunity, and fitness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdur Rauf ◽  
Richard Michael Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Adult Life Span ◽  
Antioxidant Responses ◽  
Oxidative Stresses ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Catalase

Many cases of insecticide resistance in insect pests give resulting no-cost strains that retain the resistance genes even in the absence of the toxic stressor. Malathion has been widely used against the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst. in stored products although no longer used. Malathion specific resistance in this pest has provided resistance that is long lasting and widely distributed. To understand this resistance a malathion resistant strain was challenged with a range of stressors including starvation, hyperoxia, malathion and a pathogen and the antioxidant responses and some lifecycle parameters were determined. Adult life span of malathion-specific resistant strain of T. castaneum was significantly shorter than the susceptible. Starvation and/or high oxygen reduced adult life span of both strains. Starving with and without 100% oxygen gave longer lifespan for the resistant strain, but for oxygen alone there was no difference. Under oxygen the proportional survival of the resistant strain to the adult stage was significantly higher, for both larvae and pupae, than the susceptible. The resistant strain when stressed with malathion and/or oxygen significantly increased catalase activity, but the susceptible did not. The resistant strain stressed with Paranosema whitei infection had significantly higher survival compared to the susceptible, and with almost no mortality. The malathion resistant strain of T. castaneum showed greater vigour than the susceptible in most oxidative stress situations and especially where stressors were combined. The induction of the antioxidant enzyme catalase could have helped the resistant strain to withstand oxidative stresses, including insecticidal and importantly those from pathogens. These adaptations, in the absence of insecticide, seem to support the increased immunity of host insects to pathogens seen in other insect species, such as mosquitoes. By increasing the responses to a range of stressors the resistant strain could be considered as having enhanced fitness.

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