adult life span
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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enea Ceolini ◽  
Ruchella Kock ◽  
Gijsbert Stoet ◽  
Guido Band ◽  
Arko Ghosh

Cognitive and behavioral abilities alter across the adult life span. Smartphones engage various cognitive functions and the corresponding touchscreen interactions may help resolve if and how the behavior is systematically structured by aging. Here, in a sample spanning the adult lifespan (16 to 86 years, N = 598, accumulating 355 million interactions) we analyzed a range of interaction intervals - from a few milliseconds to a minute. We used probability distributions to cluster the interactions according to their next inter-touch interval dynamics to discover systematic age-related changes at the distinct temporal clusters. There were age-related behavioral losses at the clusters occupying short intervals (~ 100 ms, R2 ~ 0.8) but gains at the long intervals (~ 4 s, R2 ~ 0.4). These correlates were independent of the years of experience on the phone or the choice of fingers used on the screen. We found further evidence for a compartmentalized influence of aging, as individuals simultaneously demonstrated both accelerated and decelerated aging at distant temporal clusters. In contrast to these strong correlations, cognitive tests probing sensorimotor, working memory, and executive processes revealed rather weak age-related decline. Contrary to the common notion of a simple behavioral decline with age based on conventional cognitive tests, we show that real-world behavior does not simply decline and the nature of aging systematically varies according to the underlying temporal dynamics. Of all the imaginable factors determining smartphone interactions in the real world, age-sensitive cognitive and behavioral processes can dominatingly dictate smartphone temporal dynamics.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdur Rauf ◽  
Richard Michael Wilkins

Many cases of insecticide resistance in insect pests give resulting no-cost strains that retain the resistance genes even in the absence of the toxic stressor. Malathion has been widely used against the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst. in stored products although no longer used. Malathion specific resistance in this pest has provided resistance that is long lasting and widely distributed. To understand this resistance a malathion resistant strain was challenged with a range of stressors including starvation, hyperoxia, malathion and a pathogen and the antioxidant responses and some lifecycle parameters were determined. Adult life span of malathion-specific resistant strain of T. castaneum was significantly shorter than the susceptible. Starvation and/or high oxygen reduced adult life span of both strains. Starving with and without 100% oxygen gave longer lifespan for the resistant strain, but for oxygen alone there was no difference. Under oxygen the proportional survival of the resistant strain to the adult stage was significantly higher, for both larvae and pupae, than the susceptible. The resistant strain when stressed with malathion and/or oxygen significantly increased catalase activity, but the susceptible did not. The resistant strain stressed with Paranosema whitei infection had significantly higher survival compared to the susceptible, and with almost no mortality. The malathion resistant strain of T. castaneum showed greater vigour than the susceptible in most oxidative stress situations and especially where stressors were combined. The induction of the antioxidant enzyme catalase could have helped the resistant strain to withstand oxidative stresses, including insecticidal and importantly those from pathogens. These adaptations, in the absence of insecticide, seem to support the increased immunity of host insects to pathogens seen in other insect species, such as mosquitoes. By increasing the responses to a range of stressors the resistant strain could be considered as having enhanced fitness.


2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762110164
Author(s):  
Ronan McGarrigle ◽  
Sarah Knight ◽  
Benjamin W. Y. Hornsby ◽  
Sven Mattys

Listening-related fatigue is a potentially serious negative consequence of an aging auditory and cognitive system. However, the impact of age on listening-related fatigue and the factors underpinning any such effect remain unexplored. Using data from a large sample of adults ( N = 281), we conducted a conditional process analysis to examine potential mediators and moderators of age-related changes in listening-related fatigue. Mediation analyses revealed opposing effects of age on listening-related fatigue: Older adults with greater perceived hearing impairment tended to report increased listening-related fatigue. However, aging was otherwise associated with decreased listening-related fatigue via reductions in both mood disturbance and sensory-processing sensitivity. Results suggested that the effect of auditory attention ability on listening-related fatigue was moderated by sensory-processing sensitivity; for individuals with high sensory-processing sensitivity, better auditory attention ability was associated with increased fatigue. These findings shed light on the perceptual, cognitive, and psychological factors underlying age-related changes in listening-related fatigue.


10.2196/25329 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. e25329
Author(s):  
Alyssa Milton ◽  
Ashlea Hambleton ◽  
Anna Roberts ◽  
Tracey Davenport ◽  
Anna Flego ◽  
...  

Background Previous research on body image distress mainly relied on samples that were small, generally homogeneous in age or sex, often limited to one geographical region, and were characterized by a lack of comprehensive analysis of multiple psychosocial domains. The research presented in this paper extends the international literature using the results of the web-based Global Health and Wellbeing Survey 2015. The survey included a large sample of both men and women aged ≥16 years from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, or the United States. Objective The main objectives of this study are to examine body image distress across the adult life span (≥16 years) and sex and assess the association between body image distress and various psychosocial risk and protective factors. Methods Data were extracted from the Global Health and Wellbeing Survey 2015, a web-based international self-report survey with 10,765 respondents, and compared with previous web-based surveys conducted in 2009 and 2012. Results The body image distress of young Australians (aged 16-25 years) significantly rose by 33% from 2009 to 2015. In 2015, 75.19% (961/1278) of 16- to 25-year-old adults reported body image distress worldwide, and a decline in body image distress was noted with increasing age. More women reported higher levels of body image distress than men (1953/3338, 58.51% vs 853/2175, 39.22%). Sex, age, current dieting status, perception of weight, psychological distress, alcohol and other substance misuse, and well-being significantly explained 24% of the variance in body image distress in a linear regression (F15,4966=105.8; P<.001). Conclusions This study demonstrates the significant interplay between body image distress and psychosocial factors across age and sex.


Author(s):  
Elsa Mathew ◽  
◽  
Antony Fernandez ◽  
Leslee E Hudgins ◽  
Shekar Raman ◽  
...  

Sleep disturbances contribute to a high frequency of mental health and cardiovascular diseases with significant gender differences. Women have a higher incidence than men of insomnia and are more likely than men to complain of insomnia, headache, irritability, and fatigue than the ‘‘typical’’ symptoms of loud snoring and apneas during sleep. Reproductive hormones play an important role in sleep in women. In the premenopausal age these hormones have a protective effect on sleep apnea while on pregnancy there is a higher prevalence of sleep apnea and restless legs syndrome. Cardiovascular mortality is high in women with obstructive sleep apnea and continuous positive airway pressure therapy improves outcomes in most cases of obstructive sleep apnea. The epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, and therapies for the three most common sleep disorders (insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome), along with effects of menopause, pregnancy, and social factors on sleep in women, are key considerations for clinicians caring for female patients across the adult life span.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swati Sharma ◽  
Girish Singh ◽  
Kishor Patwardhan ◽  
Subhash C. Lakhotia

AbstractIn order to understand the health promotive, rejuvenative and disease preventive approach of the Ayurvedic system of medicine in the light of current principles, we examined two Rasayana formulations, viz., Kalayanaka Ghrita (KG) and Saraswata Ghrita (SG) for their effects in Alzheimer’s (AD) and Huntington’s (HD) neurodegenerative disease models of Drosophila. Initial experiments involving feeding of wild type flies on food supplemented with 0.05%, 0.25% and 0.5% (w/v) KG or SG revealed 0.05% to be without any adverse effect while higher concentrations caused dose-dependent reduction in pupation frequency and adult life span in wild type flies. Rearing GMR-GAL4>127Q (HD model) and ey-GAL4>Aβ42 (AD model) larvae and adults on 0.05% or 0.25% SG or KG supplemented food enhanced the otherwise significantly reduced larval lethality and enhanced their median life span, with the 0.25% SG or KG concentrations being less effective than the 0.05%. In parallel with the better larval survival and enhanced adult life span, feeding the HD and AD model larvae on either of the Ghrita supplemented food (0.05% and 0.25%) substantially reduced the polyQ aggregates or amyloid plaques, respectively, in the larval eye discs. The present first in vivo organismic model study results have clinical implications for the increasing burden of age-associated dementia and neurodegenerative diseases like AD and HD in human populations.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selene Cansino ◽  
Frine Torres-Trejo ◽  
Cinthya Estrada-Manilla ◽  
Adriana Flores-Mendoza ◽  
Gerardo Ramírez-Pérez ◽  
...  

The aim of the study was to identify nutrients that have the ability to impact brain functioning and, as a consequence, influence episodic memory. In particular, we examined recollection, the ability to recall details of previous experiences, which is the episodic memory process most affected as age advances. A sample of 1,550 healthy participants between 21 and 80 years old participated in the study. Nutritional intake was examined through a food frequency questionnaire and software developed to determine the daily consumption of 64 nutrients based on food intake during the last year. Recollection was measured through a computerized source memory paradigm. First, we identified which nutrients influence recollection across the entire adult life span. Then, moderator analyses were conducted by dividing the sample into young (21–40 years old), middle-aged (41–60 years old) and older (61–80 years old) adults to establish in which life stage nutrients influence episodic memory. Across the adult life span, recollection accuracy was shown to benefit from the intake of sodium, heme, vitamin E, niacin, vitamin B6, cholesterol, alcohol, fat, protein, and palmitic, stearic, palmitoleic, oleic, gadoleic, alpha-linoleic and linoleic acid. The effects of energy, maltose, lactose, calcium and several saturated fatty acids on recollection were modulated by age; in older adults, the consumption of these nutrients negatively influenced episodic memory performance, and in middle-aged adults, only lactose had negative effects. Several brain mechanisms that support episodic memory were influenced by specific nutrients, demonstrating the ability of food to enhance or deteriorate episodic memory.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256476
Author(s):  
Lars Lind ◽  
Björn Zethelius ◽  
Eva Lindberg ◽  
Nancy L. Pedersen ◽  
Liisa Byberg

Objective To evaluate how self-reported leisure-time physical activity (PA) changes during the adult life span, and to study how PA is related to cardiovascular risk factors using longitudinal studies. Methods Several Swedish population-based longitudinal studies were used in the present study (PIVUS, ULSAM, SHE, and SHM, ranging from hundreds to 30,000 participants) to represent information across the adult life span in both sexes. Also, two cross-sectional studies were used as comparison (EpiHealth, LifeGene). PA was assessed by questionnaires on a four or five-level scale. Results Taking results from several samples into account, an increase in PA from middle-age up to 70 years was found in males, but not in females. Following age 70, a decline in PA was seen. Young adults reported both a higher proportion of sedentary behavior and a higher proportion high PA than the elderly. Females generally reported a lower PA at all ages. PA was mainly associated with serum triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol, but also weaker relationships with fasting glucose, blood pressure and BMI were found. These relationships were generally less strong in elderly subjects. Conclusion Using data from multiple longitudinal samples the development of PA over the adult life span could be described in detail and the relationships between PA and cardiovascular risk factors were portrayed. In general, a higher or increased physical activity over time was associated with a more beneficial cardiovascular risk factor profile, especially lipid levels.


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