scholarly journals USA, EU and China as the Leading Actor in the World Trade and Cybersecurity, Divergences and Convergences

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Athanasios G. Panagopoulos
Keyword(s):  
The European Union ◽  
Relationship Context ◽  
Normative Identity ◽  
The Us ◽  
Multilateral Trading System ◽  
The World ◽  
Normative Basis ◽  
Strategic Perspective ◽  
Trade Wars ◽  
The Eu

The European Union (EU), United States (US), and China are the main global drivers of the international trade system. Trade wars between them create tensions in the world. As the world is facing increasing neo-protectionist trade applications of the Trump administration, this paper analyses whether a greater convergence between China and the EU is possible for protecting multilateralism through two case studies, namely (1) market conditions and discrimination, (2) cybersecurity. In this context, the paper argues that although the US pressure has led the EU to reapprochement with China, this situation creates a dilemma for the EU in terms of the fears about the problems of alignment with the normative identity of the EU. Whereas the EU aims at regulating the global trade on a normative basis originating from its acquis, China has a more strategic perspective based upon specific relationship context. It is difficult to take a side for the EU due to its different standpoint compared to China in defending the multilateral trading system.

European Union and China Relations in the Light of Changing Global Order

2020 ◽  
pp. 417-434
Author(s):  
Sedef Eylemer ◽  
Elif Cemre Besgur
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Relationship Context ◽  
Normative Identity ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Normative Basis ◽  
Strategic Perspective ◽  
Trade Wars ◽  
The Eu

The European Union (EU), United States (US), and China are the main global drivers of the international trade system. However, trade wars between them create tensions in the world. As the world is facing increasing neo-protectionist trade applications of the Trump administration, this chapter analyses whether a greater convergence between China and the EU is possible for protecting multilateralism through two case studies, namely (1) market conditions and discrimination, (2) cybersecurity. In this context, the chapter argues that although the US pressure has led the EU to rapprochement with China, this situation creates a dilemma for the EU in terms of the fears about the problems of alignment with the normative identity of the EU. Whereas the EU aims at regulating the global trade on a normative basis originating from its acquis, China has a more strategic perspective based upon specific relationship context. It is difficult to take a side for the EU due to its different standpoint compared to China in defending the multilateral trading system.

scholarly journals Developments of the European Union's export directions in the context of the US-EU trade war

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Solnyškinienė ◽  
Beata Černis
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Trade War ◽  
Trade Wars ◽  
The Eu

The article assesses which countries in the world are most suitable for export such goods as aluminum, steel, cheese, and meat from the European Union in the context of the European Union – US trade wars. The theoretical study is designed to identify factors that promote the export and import of goods and to identify factors that can be used for further multicriteria research. An investigation using multi-criteria methods, EDAS, TOPSIS and SAW, revealed alternative export countries in the context of the EU-US trade war. The calculated RCA index showed the competitiveness of the analyzed products: aluminum, steel, cheese and meat in the selected countries. Another step was a forecast of exports of the analyzed goods and also was made conclusions to which countries are most suitable to export aluminum,steel, meat, and cheese in the context of the European Union-US trade war.

scholarly journals The World Trade Organization's Report on the EU's Moratorium on Biotech Products: The Wisdom of the US Challenge to the EU in the WTO

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Lieberman ◽  
Tim Gray
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Gm Food ◽  
Cartagena Protocol On Biosafety ◽  
The Us ◽  
Cartagena Protocol ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Biotech Products ◽  
The Eu

The World Trade Organization (WTO) recently ruled on the case brought by the US, Canada and Argentina against the moratorium imposed by the European Union (EU) on imports of genetically-modified (GM) food and crops. Although the WTO's ruling has been greeted by the complainant countries as a victory, it found in their favor on only one narrow technical procedural issue, and it rejected more substantive challenges to the EU moratorium. In this article, we analyze the WTO report and explain the issues at stake, focusing particularly on the question of why the USA chose the WTO as the forum for its challenge to the EU moratorium, and whether it was wise to do so. Has the USA achieved its aims through the trade-specific WTO, or should it have taken its challenge to the more hostile, but environment-specific forum of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety? Alternatively, should the USA have refrained from mounting an official international challenge at all?

scholarly journals Unspoken SPS-Plus and SPS-Minus Aspirations: Biotechnologies in EU and US Trade Agreements

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Filippo FONTANELLI
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The European Union ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Don't Ask Don't Tell ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Restrictive Policy

In the World Trade Organization (WTO), the US approach to science-based risks and trade restrictions prevailed over that of the European Union (EU). The EU, dissatisfied with the margin of action available when “relevant scientific evidence is insufficient”, largely kept intact its internal practice on marketing and importing genetically modified (GM) crops and GM-containing products. The goal of this article is to ascertain whether these regulatory preferences of the US and the EU translate into their post-Biotech external trade efforts. US and EU preferential trade agreements are scanned for rules on trade in biotechnology goods or the use of precautionary elements in regulation. It transpires that neither bloc systematically tries (or manages) to bend trade agreements to accommodate its defensive or offensive trade interests in this field. Among the possible reasons for this apparent inertia are the US confidence in the WTO baseline and the EU preference for a “don’t ask, don’t tell” approach to its trade-restrictive policy in this area.

The Euro Area In Crisis, 2008–18

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Hadjiemmanuil
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Euro Area ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Deep Recession ◽  
The Eu

In autumn 2008, just as the euro was approaching its tenth anniversary, the European Union (EU) became embroiled in the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). Elsewhere in the world, including in the US, where it originated, the GFC caused a very deep recession but then receded, and was essentially over by the end of 2009. In the EU, however, it took a double-dip form, with the EU-28 area’s real gross domestic product (GDP) suffering a -4.4 per cent fall in 2009 and another -0.5 per cent fall in 2012. The timing and impact of the crisis differed significantly across Member States, and the recovery was uneven. Taken as a whole, the euro area (EA19) performed worse than the rest of the EU, especially in 2012–13, when it lost -1.3 per cent of GDP, and only returned to its 2007 GDP level in 2015.

scholarly journals Achieving a ‘Good AI Society’: Comparing the Aims and Progress of the EU and the US

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huw Roberts ◽  
Josh Cowls ◽  
Emmie Hine ◽  
Francesca Mazzi ◽  
Andreas Tsamados ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transatlantic Cooperation ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Policy ◽  
The Eu

AbstractOver the past few years, there has been a proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) strategies, released by governments around the world, that seek to maximise the benefits of AI and minimise potential harms. This article provides a comparative analysis of the European Union (EU) and the United States’ (US) AI strategies and considers (i) the visions of a ‘Good AI Society’ that are forwarded in key policy documents and their opportunity costs, (ii) the extent to which the implementation of each vision is living up to stated aims and (iii) the consequences that these differing visions of a ‘Good AI Society’ have for transatlantic cooperation. The article concludes by comparing the ethical desirability of each vision and identifies areas where the EU, and especially the US, need to improve in order to achieve ethical outcomes and deepen cooperation.

scholarly journals China's Accession into the World Trade Organization

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-127
Author(s):  
Gyoung-Gyu Choi
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Us Congress ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Eu

This paper outlines the process of China's accession into the World Trade Organization (WTO) with special focus given to the negotiations between the United States and China, and the European Union (EU) and China. Various economic and political issues behind the scene explain why the US refused to accept China into the WTO for the last 14 years. The economic and political changes in America coupled with the economic and political changes in China placed the two countries in a position where a U.S-China bilateral agreement could be made. The EU acted as a free rider in these negotiations such that it achieved most of its objectives from the conclusion of the Sino-US negotiation. Moreover, the EU could have topped China's concession to the US if it had taken advantage of the opportunity right before the PNTR vote carne to the US Congress.

Zwischen China und USA – das europäische Ringen um eine Chinapolitik

IG ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-167
Author(s):  
Henrik von Homeyer ◽  
Lukas Kolloge
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Great Power ◽  
The European Union ◽  
China Policy ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Fundamental Challenge ◽  
The Eu

Donald Trump’s presidency has substantially undermined the transatlantic partnership, leading to an erosion of trust by many Europeans. These concerns have led to a debate in the European Union (EU) about its role in the world and its position in the great power conflict between the US and China. This debate mainly revolves around two different positions: the first advocates for an independent European China policy and a balanced relationship between Europe and the US and China. The second seeks a close partnership between the US and the EU to confront China jointly. This article argues that the EU should seek a common transatlantic China policy with the Biden administration, because China represents a fundamental challenge to the EU’s interests and values.

PHARMACY MANUFACTURE AND QUALITY CONTROL OF MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS ABROAD

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-79
Author(s):  
V. V. Kuhach ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Medicinal Preparations ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
License Requirement ◽  
Aseptic Conditions ◽  
The Eu

The purpose of this work was to study foreign experience in pharmacy manufacture and quality control of medicinal preparations (MP). Scientific literature and internet sources analysis, the author's own observations from 2005 to 2020 were made. It has been established that pharmacy manufacture of MPs abroad is carried out for the special needs of patients when pharmaceutical industry cannot produce them for various reasons. There are various approaches to standardization of the number of manufacturing pharmacies abroad: from complete prohibition of pharmacy manufacture of medicinal preparations in Portugal to mandatory license requirement in Austria and Germany. To manufacture medicinal preparations at a pharmacy the laboratory is established where necessary equipment, inventory, pharmaceutical substances and excipients are placed and the technological process is carried out. Pharmacy manufacture of sterile medicinal preparations is conducted under aseptic conditions in a specially equipped room or in a laminar-airflow cabinet. MPs must not be registered in most countries of the world. In the US and the European Union (EU) medicinal preparations are classified into medicines for immediate use and for prolonged storage. Expiration date must be stated for prolonged storage medicinal preparations, a dossier is made for them in the EU pharmacies. Pharmacies in most countries of the world manufacture medicinal preparations from tablets and capsules. Much attention abroad is given to ensure the quality of pharmacy manufacture of medicinal preparations: in the US, pharmacy manufacture of medicinal preparations is carried out in accordance with the requirements of Pharmacopoeia, in the EU according to the EU Council Resolution. A number of countries have developed guidelines or standard operational procedures for pharmacy manufacture of medicinal preparations. Constant training and assessment of employees’ competencies engaged in pharmacy manufacture of medicinal preparations is performed.

Russian Policy of Agriculture Support and the Necessity of Its Modification after WTO Accession

2012 ◽  
pp. 132-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Uzun
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Wto Accession ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Agriculture Support

The article deals with the features of the Russian policy of agriculture support in comparison with the EU and the US policies. Comparative analysis is held considering the scales and levels of collective agriculture support, sources of supporting means, levels and mechanisms of support of agricultural production manufacturers, its consumers, agrarian infrastructure establishments, manufacturers and consumers of each of the principal types of agriculture production. The author makes an attempt to estimate the consequences of Russia’s accession to the World Trade Organization based on a hypothesis that this will result in unification of the manufacturers and consumers’ protection levels in Russia with the countries that have long been WTO members.

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