scholarly journals Agroclimatic classification for assessment Of the crop potential of Karnataka

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
Dr. (SMT.) N.N. KHAMBETE
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Dry Spells ◽  
Agricultural Potential ◽  
Climatic Classification ◽  
Availability Index ◽  
Dry Farming ◽  
Made In

To plan cropping pattern and to bring out agricultural potential of a region, it is essential that the agro climatic classification is made on an objective and rational basis. Such an attempt has been made in this paper by devising an index called Water Availability Index (WAI). This index takes into account the distribution of the minimum water required by the crop. It utilizes the most probable number of the wet weeks for three threshold values of weekly rainfall and probability of dry spells of more than three weeks. The methodology developed is applied to dry farming tracts of Karnataka State. Using these information along with the information of the soil types and water requirement of different crops, cropping pattern can be assessed in each agro climatic zone, so that optimum use of the available moisture is made in stabilizing the crop production in the State.  

THE FATE OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN THE MANUFACTURE AND RIPENING OF LOW-ACID CHEDDAR CHEESE1

1970 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 280-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Park ◽  
E. H. Marth ◽  
J. M. Goepfert ◽  
N. F. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Starter Culture ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Streptococcus Lactis ◽  
Extended Survival ◽  
Made In

Cheddar cheese was made by the stirred-curd procedure from pasteurized milk inoculated with Salmonellea typhimurium and with a slow acid-producing strain of Streptococcus lactis. The Most Probable Number technique was used to enumerate salmonellae in milk and in cheese during its manufacture and ripening. Salmonellae grew rapidly during manufacture and limited additional growth occurred in cheese during the first week of ripening at 13 C after which there was a gradual decline in population. Salmonellae survived during ripening for up to approximately 7 months at 13 C and 10 months at 7 C. Cheese made in 2 of 5 trials exhibited a limited increase in number of salmonellae during the first 2 weeks at 7 C followed by a decline in population of these bacteria. Other cheeses held at 7 C exhibited a reduction in number of viable salmonellae without the initial increase. Growth of salmonellae during the early stages of ripening and subsequent extended survival of these organisms may, in part, be attributable to high moisture (average 43.2%) and high pH (5.75 after overnight pressing) of the cheese which resulted from use of a slow acid-producing starter culture.

Selection Pressure, Cropping System, and Rhizosphere Proximity Affect Atrazine Degrader Populations and Activity ins-Triazine–Adapted Soil

Weed Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 516-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Jason Krutz ◽  
Robert M. Zablotowicz ◽  
Krishna N. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Bulk Soil ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Continuous Corn ◽  
Mineralization Kinetics ◽  
Time Required

A field study was conducted on ans-triazine–adapted soil to determine the effects ofs-triazine exclusion interval (1, 2, 3, or 4 yr), crop production system (continuous corn or continuous soybean), and rhizosphere proximity (bulk or rhizosphere soil) on atrazine degrader populations and activity. Atrazine degrader populations were quantified by a radiological Most Probable Number technique, while degrader activity was assessed via mineralization of ring-labeled14C-atrazine. As thes-triazine exclusion interval increased, atrazine degrader populations declined exponentially, regardless of crop or rhizosphere proximity. Crop and exclusion interval interacted to affect degrader populations (P = 0.0043). Pooled over rhizosphere and bulk soil, degrader populations were 1.5-fold higher and declined 2.8-fold faster in soybean than corn. An interaction between rhizosphere proximity and exclusion interval was also noted (P = 0.0021), whereby degrader populations were 1.9-fold higher and declined 2.8-fold slower in rhizosphere compared with bulk soil, regardless of crop. The time required for 50% mineralization of ring-labeled14C-atrazine (DT50) following exclusion ofs-triazine herbicides increased linearly at a rate of 2.2 d yr−1. In contrast, the DT50for this site prior to a knowns-triazine application was 85 d and declined exponentially over 5 yr of successive atrazine applications: 24.5 d after 1 yr, 10.8 d after two successive years, and 3.8 d after five successive atrazine applications. Omittings-triazines can reduce degrader populations and activity in adapted soils, but more than 4 yr is required to return mineralization kinetics to nonadapted levels, regardless of crop or rhizosphere proximity.

Analysis of Coliform and Colifecal Total Pollution Test on Various Types of Drinking Water Using the MPN (Most Probable Number) Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda Aulya ◽  
Fadhliani Fadhliani ◽  
Vivi Mardina
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Inspection Method ◽  
Sample Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Fecal Coliform Bacteria

Water is the main source for life and also the most severe substance caused by pollution. The mandatory parameters for determining microbiological quality of drinking water are total non-fecal Coliform bacteria and Coliform fecal (Escherichia coli). Coliform bacteria are a group of microorganisms commonly used as indicators, where these bacteria can be a signal to determine whether a water source has been contaminated by bacteria or not, while fecal Coliform bacteria are indicator bacteria polluting pathogenic bacteria originating from human feces and warm-blooded animals (mammals) . The water inspection method in this study uses the MPN (Most Probable Number) method which consists of 3 tests, namely, the presumption test, the affirmation test, and the reinforcement test. The results showed that of 15 drinking water samples 8 samples were tested positive for Coliform bacteria with the highest total bacterial value of sample number 1, 15 (210/100 ml), while 7 other samples were negative. From 8 positive Coliform samples only 1 sample was stated to be negative fecal Coliform bacteria and 7 other samples were positive for Coliform fecal bacteria with the highest total bacterial value of sample number 1 (210/100 ml).

Cemaran Eshericia coli dalam makanan laut yang beredar di pasar tradisional Kota Pontian

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Rafika Sari ◽  
Pratiwi Apridamayanti
Keyword(s):  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number

Latar Belakang: Makanan laut merupakan salah satu jenis makanan yang banyak dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat selain sebagai komoditi ekspor. Mengkonsumsi makanan laut yang telah terkontaminasi bakteri hidup atau toksin yang dihasilkannya dapat menyebabkan keracunan makanan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui adanya kontaminasi bakteri koliform E.coli sebagai indikator pencemaran pada makanan laut dan memberikan informasi kelayakan dan keamanan konsumsi dari makanan laut di dua pasar tradisional terbesar di daerah Pontianak. Metode: Sampel yang digunakan adalah ikan, sotong dan udang. Penelitian terhadap sampel dilakukan menggunakan uji Most Probable Number (MPN) yang dilengkapi dengan uji biokimia untuk mengidentifikasi jenis bakteri pada sampel melalui penanaman bakteri pada media agar Lactose Broth (LB) dan Briliant Green Lactose Bile Broth (BGLB). Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bakteri koliform E.coli terdeteksi pada 100% sampel dengan nilai MPN yang tidak memenuhi kriteria kelayakan konsumsi, yakni >3/g. Kesimpulan: Makanan yang ada tidak memenuhi kriteria kelayakan konsumsi.

The Occurrence of Legionella Bacteria in Cooling Towers in South Africa

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Grabow ◽  
E. J. Pienaar ◽  
R. Kfir
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Cooling Towers ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Service Water ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Viable Bacteria ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
High Level ◽  
Biocide Treatment

A total of 510 service water samples from cooling towers throughout South Africa were analysed for the presence of Legionella bacteria. Legionella was detected using an immuno-labelling technique based on the most probable number principle. Only cultural (viable) bacteria were counted. Legionellae were found in most of the samples tested. However, in only 4% of the samples a high level of legionellae was recorded. No correlation was found between the numbers of legionellae and those of standard plate counts. Biocide treatment was shown to be effective in the removal of the bacteria from cooling towers after a 3-month treatment period.

A Most Probable Number Method for the Enumeration of Legionella Bacteria in Water

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Grabow ◽  
R. Kfir ◽  
W. O. K. Grabow
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Comparative Tests ◽  
Antibody Staining ◽  
Direct Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Yeast Extract Agar

A new quantitative method for the enumeration of Legionella bacteria in water is described. Appropriate tenfold serial dilutions of water samples concentrated by membrane filtration are plated in triplicate on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar. After incubation for 3 days representative smears from individual plates are tested for the presence of Legionella by direct fluorescent antibody staining. The number of positive plates in each dilution is used to calculate the Legionella count by means of conventional most probable number statistics. In comparative tests on a variety of water samples this method yielded significantly higher counts than previously used procedures.

Persistence of Orally Administered Salmonella enterica Serovars Agona and Montevideo in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1336-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. NESSE ◽  
T. LØVOLD ◽  
B. BERGSJØ ◽  
K. NORDBY ◽  
C. WALLACE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Gastric Intubation

The objective of our experiments was to study the persistence and dissemination of orally administered Salmonella in smoltified Atlantic salmon. In experiment 1, salmon kept at 15°C were fed for 1 week with feed contaminated with 96 most-probable-number units of Salmonella Agona per 100 g of feed and then starved for 2 weeks. Samples were taken from the gastrointestinal tract and examined for Salmonella 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 days after the feeding ended. In experiment 2, Salmonella Agona and Montevideo were separately mixed with feed and administered by gastric intubation. Each fish received 1.0 × 108, 1.0 × 106, or 1.0 × 104 CFU. The different groups were kept in parallel at 5 and 15°C and observed for 4 weeks. Every week, three fish in each group were sacrificed, and samples were taken from the skin, the pooled internal organs, the muscle, and the gastrointestinal tract and examined for the presence of Salmonella. The results from the two experiments showed that the persistence of Salmonella in the fish was highly dependent on the dose administered. Salmonella was not recovered from any of the fish that were fed for 1 week with the lowest concentration of Salmonella. In the fish given the highest dose of Salmonella, bacteria persisted for at least 4 weeks in the gastrointestinal tract as well as, to some extent, the internal organs. The present study shows that under practical conditions in Norway, the risk of Salmonella in fish feed being passed on to the consumer of the fish is negligible.

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