scholarly journals Genetic diversity of Salminus brasiliensis wild populations in downstream and upstream Cachoeira Branca, Verde River MS Brazil: a preliminary view

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Pereira Ribeiro ◽  
Nelson Mauricio Lopera-Barrero ◽  
Jayme Aparecido Povh ◽  
Maria Del Pilar Rodriguez-Rodriguez ◽  
Darci Carlos Fornari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Verde River ◽  
Salminus Brasiliensis

Although hydroelectric power plants generate most electricity in Brazil, the dams provide environmental barriers which also include the interruption of fish migration. Current study, conducted prior to the construction of São Domingos HPP on the shaft of the Cachoeira Branca (waterfall) on the Verde river, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, evaluated the genetic diversity of two natural populations of dourado (Salminus brasiliensis) located downstream (Population A - PopA) and upstream (Population B - PopB) the waterfall. Eight primers were employed to analyze 56 specimens (PopA: 26; PopB: 30) and observed in 102 fragments, of which 86 were polymorphic (84.3%). Low frequency fragments (PopA: 2; PopB: 1), three limiting fragments (PopA) and three exclusive fragments (PopB) were identified. The intra-population genetic variability calculated the Shannon index, whilst the percentage of polymorphic fragments showed high rate variability within each population (PopA: 0.300 and 60.80% and PopB: 0.411 and 79.40%, respectively). The distance and genetic identity revealed high genetic differentiation (0.076 and 0.927, respectively). Results reveal that populations have high intra-population genetic variability and genetic differentiation between them, with low gene flow.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of Matrinxã breeding stocks: implications for management and conservation

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 757-768
Author(s):  
Angela Maria Urrea Rojas ◽  
◽  
Felipe Pinheiro de Souza ◽  
Ed Christian Suzuki de Lima ◽  
Claudete de Fátima Ruas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Genetic Drift ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Common Origin ◽  
Null Alleles ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

The formation of fish breeding stocks for fish farming or conservation programs is commonly carried out from the capture of fish in natural environments. Information on the geographic and genetic origin of these stocks is important to guide actions that allow correct management in captivity and, when lost, harm production and genetic conservation. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and origin of two breeding stocks of matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus (INPA, Amazonas - INPA and Nova Motum, Mato Grosso - NM). A total of 68 caudal fin samples were collected, including 33 INPA samples and 35 NM samples. Twenty pairs of microsatellite primers were tested, but only seven primers showed satisfactory amplification, amplifying 41 alleles ranging from 187-318 bp. The polymorphic information content ranged from 0.135 (Borg25) to 0.782 (Bh6). Exclusive alleles were observed for both populations (INPA: 04 and NM: 18). Allelic richness results revealed that there was increased loss of genetic variation in NM, indicating a lower evolutionary potential of this stock. The average values of the observed heterozygosity corroborated this statement; however, there were high values for INPA (0.545) and NM (0.475), signifying an adequate genetic variability. An imbalance was found in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at the Borg59 locus in INPA (P < 0.05), possibly due to the effect of null alleles, but was attributed to a founder effect. For NM, an imbalance in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed at loci BoM13 and Bh6, which together with the results of the mean inbreeding coefficient values demonstrated the presence of genetic drift. The analysis of molecular variance showed greater variation within populations than between them, and was confirmed by the genetic differentiation value (0.086 - moderate genetic differentiation) and by the distance and genetic identity values (0.273 and 0.761, respectively). Bayesian analysis designated a value of K = 2, with the presence of structuring for NM and INPA; however, with correlated allelic frequencies, confirming a common origin. This origin was corroborated by the presence of gene flow through the number of migrants (5.691). Based on these results, there was a moderate genetic variability for INPA and NM and their common origin was confirmed. Recommendations are also included to minimize the probability of inbreeding processes or genetic drift in the studied stocks.

Genetic variation in the greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis)

1994 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Southgate ◽  
Mark Adams
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Allozyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Allozyme Data ◽  
Data Support

The taxonomic status of and genetic diversity amongst extant populations of the greater bilby, Macrotis lagotis, were assessed using allozyme electrophoresis. A total of 47 bilbies sampled from three geographic areas and two captive colonies were screened for 42 loci, six of which were polymorphic. The results are consistent with the view that all extant populations represent a single biological species. All populations were genetically very similar (Nei D's 0.000 to 0.004) and overall levels of within-population genetic variability were low (Ho 0.004 � 0.004 to 0.0026 � 0.017). The allozyme data support the hypothesis that there has been no significant loss of variability in the captive colonies when compared to the species as a whole.

scholarly journals Genetic structure and diversity among individuals of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. from Mato Grosso, Brazilian Amazon, using ISSR markers

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. e187101623025
Author(s):  
Daniele Paula Maltezo ◽  
Julliane Dutra Medeiros ◽  
Ana Aparecida Bandini Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Copaifera Langsdorffii ◽  
Genetic Structure And Diversity ◽  
Issr Primers

The Amazon is the largest tropical forest in the world and is home to around 20% of all the biodiversity on the planet, among the species present in the Amazon is Copaifera langsdorffii, exploited mainly for the extraction of oil-resin and wood, often in ways incorrect, which can cause the loss of genetic variability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic structure and diversity among individuals of C. langsdorffii located in Mato Grosso, Brazil, using ISSR markers. We sampled leaves from 27 adult individuals of C. langsdorffii, whose total genomic DNA was extracted. A total of 12 ISSR primers were used for the molecular characterization of the individuals. A grouping analysis was performed using the unweighted pair group method, Bayesian analysis and characterized by the genetic diversity. The genetic diversity among and within the groups was demonstrated by the AMOVA. As a result, 106 fragments were amplified and 98.11% were polymorphic. The polymorphic information content of each primer ranged from 0.45 to 0.81.  The dendrogram showed the formation of 4 distinct groups. The greatest genetic variability is found within the groups and not between them. The percentage of polymorphism, genetic dissimilarity values and genetic diversity indexes indicate that there is high genetic variability among Copaifera langsdorffii individuals, suggesting that ISSR primers were efficient in detecting polymorphism in this species and that the individuals have potential for compose programs aimed at the preservation of the species and the ability to integrate germplasm banks.

scholarly journals The Sensitiveness of Expected Heterozygosity and Allelic Richness Estimates for Analyzing Population Genetic Diversity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Eugenia Barrandeguy ◽  
María Victoria García
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Genetic Drift ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Allelic Richness ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Computational Simulations ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity

Genetic diversity comprises the total of genetic variability contained in a population and it represents the fundamental component of changes since it determines the microevolutionary potential of populations. There are several measures for quantifying the genetic diversity, most notably measures based on heterozygosity and measures based on allelic richness, i.e. the expected number of alleles in populations of same size. These measures differ in their theoretical background and, in consequence, they differ in their ecological and evolutionary interpretations. Therefore, in the present chapter these measures of genetic diversity were jointly analyzed, highlighting the changes expected as consequence of gene flow and genetic drift. To develop this analysis, computational simulations of extreme scenarios combining changes in the levels of gene flow and population size were performed.

scholarly journals Genetic variability of broodstocks of restocking programs in Brazil

2015 ◽  
pp. 4677-4687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Lopera-Barrero ◽  
Ed Lima ◽  
Luiz Filho ◽  
Elenice Goes ◽  
Pedro Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Agarose Gel ◽  
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
General Management ◽  
Rhamdia Quelen ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Salminus Brasiliensis

ABSTRACT Objective. The aim of this study was evaluate the genetic diversity of the following broodstocks: piapara (Leporinus elongatus), dourado (Salminus brasiliensis), jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) and cachara (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) already useful for restocking programs in the Paranapanema, Iguaçu and Paraná Brazilian Rivers. Materials and methods. Samples from the caudal fin of 122 fish were analyzed. DNA was extracted by NaCl protocol. PCR products were separated by a horizontal agarose gel electrophoresis. The fragments were visualized by staining with ethidium bromide. Results. The amplification of 25 primers generated different fragments in studied species that allowed characterizing 440 fragments of 100-2900 bp. High percentage of polymorphic fragments (66.67 to 86.29), Shannon index (0.365 to 0.486) and genetic diversity of Nei (0.248 to 0.331) were detected. Conclusions. The level of genetic variability in the broodstocks was adequate for allowing their use in restocking programs in the studied Rivers. However, periodical monitoring studies of genetic variability in these stocks, the mating system, reproductive system and general management must be made to guarantee the preservation of wild populations.RESUMEN Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la diversidad genética de los siguientes lotes de reproductores: piapara (Leporinus elongatus), dourado (Salminus brasiliensis), jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) y cachara (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) utilizados para programas de repoblación en los ríos brasileños Paranapanema, Iguaçu y Paraná. Materiales y métodos. Muestras de aleta caudal de 122 peces fueron analizadas. El ADN fue extraído por el protocolo de NaCl. Los productos de PCR fueron separados por electroforesis horizontal en gel de agarosa. Los fragmentos fueron visualizados por marcación con bromuro de etidio. Resultados. La amplificación de los 25 iniciadores produjo diferentes fragmentos en las especies estudiadas que permitieron caracterizar 440 fragmentos de 100 a 2900 pb. Fueron detectados un alto porcentaje de fragmentos polimórficos (66.67 a 86.29), de índice de Shannon (0.365 a 0.486) y de diversidad genética de Nei (0.248 a 0.331). Conclusiones. El nivel de variabilidad genética en los lotes de reproductores fue adecuado para su utilización en programas de repoblación en los ríos estudiados. Sin embargo, estudios de monitoreo periódico de la variabilidad genética en esos lotes, del sistema de cruzamiento, del sistema reproductivo y del manejo general deben ser realizados para garantizar la preservación de las populaciones naturales. 

scholarly journals Distinct Genetic Structure Reflects Ploidy Level Differentiation in Newly Discovered, Extremely Small Populations of Xanthocyparis vietnamensis from Southwestern China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliang Jiang ◽  
Tsam Ju ◽  
Linda E. Neaves ◽  
Jialiang Li ◽  
Weining Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Endangered Species ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
Small Populations ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Quaternary Climate

Population genetic assessment is crucial for the conservation and management of threatened species. Xanthocyparis vietnamensis is an endangered species that is currently restricted to karst mountains in southwestern China and Vietnam. This rare conifer was first recorded in 2002 from northern Vietnam and then in 2013 from Guangxi, China, yet nothing is known about its genetic diversity nor ploidy level variation, although previous cytological study suggest that Vietnamese populations are tetraploids. There have been about 45 individuals found to date in Guangxi, China. Here, we genotyped 33 X. vietnamensis individuals using 20 newly developed, polymorphic microsatellite loci, to assess the genetic variability of its extremely small populations. The genetic diversity of X. vietnamensis (HE = 0.511) was lower than that of two other heliophile species, Calocedrus macrolepis and Fokienia hodginsii, which have similar distribution ranges. This is consistent with the signature of a genetic bottleneck detected in X. vietnamensis. Although the population genetic differentiation coefficient across loci is moderate (FST = 0.125), STRUCTURE analysis revealed two distinct genetic clusters, namely the northern and southern population groups; DAPC analysis grouped the southern populations together in one cluster separate from the northern populations; AMOVA analysis detected a significant genetic differentiation between the two population groups (FRT = 0.089, p &lt; 0.05), and BARRIER analysis detected a genetic barrier between them. Moreover, we detected differentiation in ploidy level between northern and southern populations, sampled individuals from the former and the later are all diploid and tetraploid cytotypes with mean genome sizes of 26.08 and 48.02 pg/2C, respectively. We deduced that heterogeneous geomorphology and historical events (e.g., human deforestation, Quaternary climate oscillations) may have contributed to population fragmentation and small population size in X. vietnamensis. Considering both genetic and ploidy level differentiation, we propose that two different management units (northern and southern) should be considered and a combination of in situ and ex situ conservation measures should be employed to preserve populations of this endangered species in southwestern China in the light of our findings.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of captive spotted paca (Agouti paca) from south east Brazil assessed by the RAPD-PCR technique

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-272
Author(s):  
Karine Vieira Antunes ◽  
Théa Mírian Medeiros Machado ◽  
Nicola Vergara Lopes Serão ◽  
Simone Eliza Facione Guimarães ◽  
Samuel Rezende Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Rapd Pcr ◽  
Reproductive Male ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Structured Groups ◽  
Breeding Farms

The genetic diversity was analyzed among spotted paca (Agouti paca) from three commercial flocks located in Brazil. As the genome of this species is unknown, the RAPD-PCR technique was used. Ten primers generated sixty polymorphic bands. The among and within population genetic variability estimated by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was 12.55 and 87.45%, respectively. The shortest Nei distance value was 11.76% among the Carangola (CG) and São Francisco do Glória (SF) populations. This value can be explained by the exchange of reproduction males and females between the two geographically close breeding sites. The analysis of principal components showed well defined and structured groups aggregating animals according their population of origin, with some exceptions. Lower diversity was found in the São Francisco population than in the Carangola and Castelo (CS) populations. This result suggested the variability is better conserved in breeding farms with fifty or sixty animals (CG and CS) than in the breeding farm with a dozen animals (SF). The RADP-PCR technique proved to be informative for the quantification of among and within population genetic variability of the spotted paca. The phenogram generated by UPGMA using the NTSYS-PC software from the Nei Distance, grouped CG and SF on a single branch connected to the CS, with 76 and 100% accuracy, respectively, to the bootstrap. This result was not only consistent with the historical and geographical information on flocks, but also shows the need for periodic reproductive male replacement. Future studies should be developed with co-dominant markers and include spotted paca from more distant places.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and conservation of native populations of Maytenus Ilicifolia Mart. ex Reiss

2009 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ. Mossi ◽  
RL. Cansian ◽  
O. Leontiev-Orlov ◽  
JL. Cechet ◽  
AZ. Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Jaccard Coefficient ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Maytenus Ilicifolia ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

The aim of this work was to analyze genetic variability in 18 populations of Maytenus ilicifolia, and representatives of Maytenus aquifolia and Maytenus evonymoidis, collected in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, using RAPD molecular markers. Considering total samples of the three species, 263 amplified fragments were identified, of which 72.2% showed to be polymorphous. The index of similarity (Jaccard coefficient) was on average 0.64 between M. ilicifolia and M. aquifolia; 0.47 between M. ilicifolia and M. evonymoidis; and 0.44 between M. aquifolia and M. evonymoidis. The analysis of groupings by the UPGMA algorithm allowed to clearly separate the three analyzed species. In determining the variability in M. ilicifolia, 222 bands were identified, on average 11.1 bands per primer, being 43.2% polymorphous. The index of similarity (Jaccard coefficient) in the bulks of each population in M. ilicifolia was, on average, 0.92 and the index of similarities among the populations was 0.83. The analysis of groupings with the UPGMA algorithm and the analysis of the main coordination (PCO), allowed the separation of the analyzed populations into three groups, the populations from the south of Rio Grande do Sul and the population from Mato Grosso do Sul standing out. A relation between the groupings found and the edaphoclimatic conditions of the collecting places was observed.

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