Ruminal metabolic parameters and milk fatty acid profile of cows grazing Marandu grass supplemented with roasted soybeans

The goal of this study was to evaluate the ruminal metabolic parameters and milk fatty acid composition of cows managed under continuous grazing on Marandu grass. Four rumen-cannulated Holstein x Gyr cows with an average milk yield of 21±2 kg day-1 and 79±16 days in milk were used in a 4 x 4 Latin Square design. Each cow received 6 kg day-1 of a concentrate formulated with 0 (control), 1.3, 2.6 or 3.9 kg of roasted soybeans (as-fed basis), which were the experimental treatments. The inclusion of roasted soybeans promoted a linear reduction in the acetate concentration, with no effect on the pH and ruminal ammonia N concentration. There was no effect of the treatments on the ruminal degradability of the dry matter and neutral detergent fiber of Marandu grass or on the kinetic parameters of the fluids in the rumen. There were linear increases in the contents of fat and total solids in the milk and a linear decrease in the milk lactose content, but there was no effect of the treatments on the yield of these components or on milk yield. There were linear increases in milk fat stearic, elaidic, oleic, linoleic and ?-linolenic acids contents, but there was no effect of the treatments on the milk fat contents of vaccenic and rumenic acids. Notably, supplementing Marandu grass with a concentrate containing up to 3.9 kg of roasted soybeans improved the nutritional quality of the milk fat due to increases in the milk fat contents of oleic and ?-linolenic acids, which are considered beneficial to human health, and reductions in the levels of lauric, myristic and palmitic, which are considered hypercholesterolemic fatty acids.

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Ruminal fermentation and degradation, kinetic flow of digesta and milk fatty acid composition of cows fed sugarcane silage-based diets supplemented with whole cottonseed

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n4p1317 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 1317

Author(s):

Dayana Alves da Costa ◽

Fernando César Ferraz Lopes ◽

Gesiane Moura Neves Rebouças ◽

Jailton da Costa Carneiro ◽

Marco Antônio Sundfeld da Gama ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Latin Square ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Milk Fatty Acid ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Degradation Kinetic ◽

Whole Cottonseed ◽

Palmitic Acids

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ruminal fermentation and degradation parameters, the kinetic flow of digesta in the gastrointestinal tract, and the milk fatty acid (FA) profile in Holstein x Gyr cows fed 59% sugarcane silage-based diets with 0% (control), 5%, 10% and 15% whole cottonseed (WCS) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Four rumen-cannulated cows with an average milk yield of 14.4±3.3 kg day-1 and 85±25 days in milk were allocated in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. There was no effect of dietary WCS levels on the intake of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and nonfibrous carbohydrates, but there was a linear increase in the intake of ether extract (EE). There was no treatment effect on the apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE and NDF or on the ruminal degradability parameters for DM and NDF of sugarcane silage. Also, no treatment effects were observed on rumen pH, ruminal and postruminal particulate passage rates or on the rate of passage of the fluids in the rumen. WCS promoted linear reductions in the milk fat contents of lauric, myristic and palmitic acids and linear increases in the milk fat contents of stearic, oleic, trans-10 C18:1 and elaidic acids. The milk fat contents of vaccenic, rumenic, linoleic and ?-linolenic acids were unaffected by WCS supplementation. The inclusion of up to 15% WCS in sugarcane silage-based diets did not alter the digestibility of nutrients, the rumen degradability of the fiber, or the kinetic flow of digesta in the gastrointestinal tract of Holstein x Gyr cows but improved the nutritional quality of milk fat through an increase in the content of oleic acid, which is beneficial to human health, and decreased levels of hypercholesterolemic lauric, myristic and palmitic acids.

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Meta-analysis of the effect of glycerin inclusion in dairy cattle diet on milk fatty acid profile

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txab012 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rodrigo N S Torres ◽

João P A Bertoco ◽

Maria C G de Arruda ◽

Julia L Rodrigues ◽

Larissa M Coelho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Random Effect ◽

Milk Fatty Acid ◽

Data Set

Abstract The use of glycerin in diets for dairy cows initially emerged as an alternative for the prevention and control of ketosis. However, despite some controversy, there are still several studies associating glycerin with increases in daily milk yield, with possible changes in its constituents. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate, using a meta-analysis approach, the effect of glycerin inclusion in dairy cow diets on milk fatty acid. Twenty-two peer-reviewed publications with 66 treatment means were included in data set. The effect of glycerin inclusion in diet (treatment) were evaluated using random-effect models to examine the weighted mean differences (WMD) between a control diet (without glycerin in the diet) and the treatment diet. Heterogeneity was explored by meta-regression and subgroup analysis performed for: genetic type; days in milk; experimental period; glycerin in diet; glycerin type and concentrate in diet. Inclusion of glycerin in the diet increased the digestibility of dry matter and protein, as well as ruminal propionate. It did not affect dry matter intake (P = 0.351) and milk yield (P = 0.730). The effect of glycerin inclusion on the milk fat yield is dependent on the genetic group, in which Holstein (WMD = −0.04 kg/d; P = 0.010) and Holstein-crossbreed (WMD = −0.10 kg/d; P < 0.0001) cows produced less fat in milk compared to Jersey cows, when glycerin was included in the diets. Glycine inclusions of up to 100 g/kg in the diet of dairy cows did not negatively affect milk production and composition. However, inclusions above 150 g/kg of glycerin in the diet reduced the concentration of fat, and of unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA C18: 2 cis-9 and trans-11) in milk. The results reported in our meta-analysis does not demonstrate the effectiveness of glycerin in improving the composition of milk and a group of fatty acids of importance for human health such as C18: 2 cis-9, trans-11 CLA.

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Effects of new n-3 fatty acid sources on milk fatty acid profile and milk fat properties in dairy cows

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029918000390 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 265-272 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Elise Vanbergue ◽

Jean-Louis Peyraud ◽

Catherine Hurtaud

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Control Diet ◽

Dietary Treatment ◽

Globule Size ◽

Common Strategy ◽

Milk Fat Globule ◽

Fat Globule

Feeding livestock with n-3 fatty acid (FA) sources (linseed, for example) is a common strategy to improve lipid quality of meat and milk products. However, in monogastric animals, linseed tegument decreases digestibility and alphalinolenic acid (ALA) uptake, while the whole linseed is well used by ruminants. In a context of increasing sustainability of feeding systems, providing monogastric animals and ruminants with linseed products adapted to their digestive systems is an important issue. This research paper addresses the hypotheses: (i) sieved extruded linseed (SEL) specific for ruminants is as or more effective than standard extruded linseed (ii) microalgae DHA Gold® is an interesting source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in feedstuff and (iii) the effects of SEL and microalgae on milk characteristics are complementary and additive. Thirty-two cows were divided into 4 groups with different dietary n-3 fatty acid sources using a continuous design. All the diets were fed as mixed rations based on maize silage, energy concentrate and soybean meal. The first group received a control diet (CTRL) with no additional fat. The 3 other groups received SEL, microalgae DHA Gold® (ALG) and a mixture of microalgae DHA Gold® and SEL (SEL/ALG). Milk was collected from morning milkings after six weeks of dietary treatment. In SEL and SEL/ALG, ALA increased (+0·32 and +0·26% unit, respectively), and DHA increased in ALG and SEL/ALG (+0·43 and +0·15% unit, respectively) compared to CTRL, as a consequence of the initial composition of the n-3 FA sources. In SEL, milk yield, fat and protein contents, milk fat globule size and spontaneous lipolysis (measured to evaluate suitability for milk processing) were not different compared with CTRL. In ALG and SEL/ALG, milk yield decreased (−2·8 and −6·0 kg/d, respectively), fat content was halved, and fat globule size was reduced (−1·46 and −1·31 µm, respectively) compared to CTRL. Spontaneous lipolysis increased in ALG (+0·12 mEq/kg of milk) compared to CTRL. Protected microalgae and the doses of microalgae in the diet need further investigation to prevent FA modification in the rumen and the consequent deleterious effects on milk fat.

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Nutrients balances and milk fatty acid profile of mid lactation dairy cows supplemented with unsaturated fatty acid

Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal ◽

10.1590/s1519-99402013000200007 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 322-335

Author(s):

Jose Esler de Freitas Júnior ◽

Francisco Palma Rennó ◽

Jefferson Rodrigues Gandra ◽

Luciana Navajás Rennó ◽

Gustavo Henrique Rodrigues ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Energetic Efficiency ◽

Milk Fatty Acid

The objective was to evaluate the effect of unsaturated fatty acid sources supplementation on nutrients balances and milk fatty acid profile of mid lactation dairy cows. Twelve Brazilian Holstein cows in the mid lactation (mean of 128 days) and (580 ± 20kg of weight; mean ± SD) with milk yield of 25kg/d were assigned randomly into three 4 x 4 Latin square, fed the following diets: control (C); refined soybean oil; (SO); whole soybean raw (WS) and; calcium salts of unsaturated fatty acids (CSFA). Milk yield was 26.6; 26.4; 24.1 and 25.7 to the diets CO, SO, WS and CSFA respectively. Cows fed the WS treatment produced less milk (1.95kg/d of milk), fat and lactose than did cows fed the SO and CSFA. Cows fed the CSFA treatment showed less blood, urine (g/d) concentrations of N more energetic efficiency and intake of energy than did cows fed the SO treatment. Cows fed the unsaturated fatty acids sources showed more C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-C18:1 FA concentration in milk than did cows fed the CO treatment. Diets with whole soybeans and soybeans oil provide more efficient digestive processes, and increase milk composition of unsaturated fatty acids.

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Effect of increased milking frequency and residual milk removal on milk production and milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029917000681 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 84 (4) ◽

pp. 453-463 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sabine Ferneborg ◽

Lucia Kovac ◽

Kevin J Shingfield ◽

Sigrid Agenäs

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Major Influence ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Milk Fatty Acid ◽

Milking Frequency

It has been well established that milk yield is affected both by milking frequency and due to the removal of residual milk, but the influence of a combination of these factors is unclear. In this study, four mid-lactation cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to test the hypothesis that the effects of more frequent milking and residual milk removal on milk yield and composition are additive and alter milk fatty acid composition. Treatments comprised two or four times daily milking in combination with (or without) residual milk removal over a 96 h interval preceded by a 2 d pretreatment period and followed by a 8 d washout in each 14 d experimental period. Milk was sampled at each milking for the analysis of gross composition and SCC. Samples of available and residual milk collected on the last milking during each treatment period were collected and submitted for fatty acid composition analysis. Increases in milking frequency and residual milk removal alone or in combination had no effect on milk yield or on the secretion of lactose and protein in milk. However, residual milk removal during more frequent milking increased milk fat yield. Milking treatments had no major influence on the fatty acid composition of available milk, but resulted in rather small changes in the relative abundance of specific fatty acids, with no evidence that the additive effects of treatments were due to higher utilisation of preformed fatty acids relative to fatty acid synthesis de novo. For all treatments, fat composition of available and residual milk was rather similar indicating a highly uniform fatty acid composition of milk fat within the mammary gland.

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Annatto seeds as Antioxidants Source with Linseed Oil for Dairy Cows

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11051465 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 1465

Author(s):

Jesus A. C. Osorio ◽

João L. P. Daniel ◽

Jakeline F. Cabral ◽

Kleves V. Almeida ◽

Karoline L. Guimarães ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Latin Square ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Chain Fatty Acid

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of annatto seeds, linseed oil and their combination on DMI, apparent total tract digestibility, antioxidant capacity and milk composition of dairy cows. Four lactating Holstein cows (120 ± 43 days in milk; 15.98 ± 2.02 kg of milk/day, mean ± SD) were allocated in a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (with or without annatto seeds at 15 g/kg of dry matter (DM); with or without linseed oil at 30 g/kg of DM) and provided four different diets: control (no annatto seeds or linseed oil); annatto seeds (15 g/kg of DM); linseed oil (30 g/kg of DM); and a combination of both annatto seeds and linseed oil. Annatto seeds reduced DM intake, and milk yield, protein and lactose, but increased content of fat, total solids and short chain fatty acid, with no effect on total antioxidant capacity of milk. Linseed oil supplementation decreased medium chain fatty acid proportion and n-6/n-3 ratio, conversely it increased long chain fatty acids and n-3 fatty acid content of milk, ether extract intake and total-tract digestibility. Thus, linseed oil supplementation in dairy cow diets improved the milk FA profile but decreased milk fat concentration, whereas annatto seeds did not influence antioxidant capacity and depressed feed intake and milk yield.

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Red clover silage improves milk fatty acid composition in dairy ewes

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1139/cjas-2017-0190 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 98 (4) ◽

pp. 787-793 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gabriela C. Guzatti ◽

Paulo G. Duchini ◽

Marco A.S. Gama ◽

Henrique M.N. Ribeiro-Filho

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Trifolium Pratense ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Red Clover ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Milk Fatty Acid ◽

Dairy Ewes

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of two isoproteic total mixed rations containing either red clover (Trifolium pratense L.; RC diet) or lucerne (Medicago sativa L.; LU diet) silage as the major forage source on milk yield, milk composition, and milk fatty acid (FA) profile in dairy ewes. Sixteen dairy ewes were housed individually to receive the drawn diet (eight ewes eating each diet) and milked twice a day (0700 and 1500). Total dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, and nitrogen use efficiency were unaffected by treatments. The n-6/n-3 FA ratio tended to decrease, whereas the total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and PUFAs/saturated fatty acids ratio increased in the milk fat of ewes fed the RC diet compared with ewes fed the LU diet. The presence of α-linolenic (C18:3n-3) and linoleic (C18:2n-6) acids in the milk fat was 22% higher in ewes fed the RC diet than in those fed the LU diet. Compared with the LU diet, the RC diet had no effect on milk yield and composition, but improved the milk FA profile in dairy ewes due to an increased proportion of PUFAs (in particular C18:3n-3 and, to a lesser extent, C18:2n-6) and a decreased n-6/n-3 FA ratio.

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Milk Potential of Pantaneira Cows, a Local Breed, at Organic System

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10061079 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1079

Author(s):

Willian Biazolli ◽

Marcus Vinicius Morais de Oliveira ◽

Dirce Ferreira Luz ◽

Leonardo de Oliveira Seno ◽

Alysson Martins Wanderley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Organic Production ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Organic System ◽

Plasma Urea ◽

Organic Systems

Pantaneiro cattle (Bos taurus taurus) is a breed locally adapted to the Brazilian Pantanal. Local breeds are essential for the quality production of organic systems based on planned grazing practices, because of their results in resilient and productive ecosystems, enhancing biodiversity. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of Pantaneira primiparous cows, and systems with reduced use of concentrate, simulating organic production conditions. Five animals, with an average body weight of 396.2 ± 43.5 kg, were kept in individual continuous grazing regimes and supplemented with different concentrate levels (1.2%, 0.9%, 0.6%, 0.3%, and 0.0% of body weight). The animals were allocated at random in a 5 × 5 Latin square design repeated twice during the study time. The cows had a low dry matter and nutrient intake with a reduction in concentrate level, with improvement in neutral detergent fiber digestibility and a reduction in total nutrient digestibility. No changes were observed in plasma glucose levels or urea excretion, but the plasma urea nitrogen decreased with reductions in concentrate levels. There was a reduction in milk yield, but the energy-corrected milk was not affected by the reduction in concentrate levels; furthermore, the milk yield efficiency was not affected. The milk fat content improved with the reduction in concentrate levels. The Pantaneira breed has the genetic potential for the maintenance of competitive production and quality in organic systems.

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Effects of increased milking frequency for the first 21 days post partum on selected measures of mammary gland health, milk yield and milk composition

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029911000410 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

pp. 301-307 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Shannon L Shields ◽

Pedram Rezamand ◽

Dallace L Sevier ◽

Keun S Seo ◽

William Price ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Cell Populations ◽

Milk Fatty Acid ◽

Milking Frequency

Somatic cell count (SCC) is a widely used marker of udder health and a predictor of inflammation caused by an immune response. The objective of this study was to determine whether selected measures of mammary gland health as well as milk fatty acid profile were altered by an increase in milking frequency using a unilateral frequent milking (UFM) model. Holstein cows at parturition were assigned to UFM, in which the left udder half of each cow was milked four-times daily (4X) and the right udder half was milked twice daily (2X) for the first 21 days in milk (DIM). Milk yields from each udder half were measured from 1–21 DIM and samples were collected on days 3, 7, 10, 14 and 21 for determination of SCC and milk composition. Flow cytometric analysis with bovine monoclonal antibodies was used to identify milk immune cell populations and milk fatty acid (FA) composition was determined using gas chromatography. Gene expression analysis was used to determine whether there was an alteration in mRNA expression of genes involved in milk fat production including lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and FA-binding protein 3 (FABP3) with ribosomal protein S9 (RPS9) as a house-keeping gene. No difference was detected for milk SCC or cell populations between the udder halves milked 4X as compared with the udder halves milked 2X. In addition, no difference was detected for any FA in milk from the udder half milked 4X as compared with the udder half milked 2X. Overall, using a UFM model, increased milking frequency for the first 21 DIM did not affect selected measures of mammary gland health or milk FA, but was associated with greater milk yield, milk fat percent and yield, and milk protein and lactose yields.

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Ruminal fermentation characteristics and fatty acid profile of ruminal fluid and milk of dairy cows fed flaxseed hulls supplemented with monensin

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029910000865 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 56-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Daniele C da Silva-Kazama ◽

Cristiano Côrtes ◽

Ricardo Kazama ◽

Chaouki Benchaar ◽

Geraldo T D Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Milk Fatty Acid ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Ruminal Fluid ◽

Rumen Microbes ◽

Matter Basis

Flaxseed hull, a co-product obtained from flax processing, is a rich source of n-3 fatty acids (FA) but there is little information on its value for dairy production. Monensin supplementation is known to modify biohydrogenation of FA by rumen microbes. Therefore, the main objective of the experiment was to determine the effect of feeding a combination of monensin and flaxseed hulls on ruminal fermentation characteristics and FA profile of ruminal fluid and milk. Four ruminally fistulated multiparous Holstein cows averaging 665±21 kg body weight and 190±5 d in milk were assigned to a 4×4 Latin square design (28-d experimental periods) with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments were: 1) control, neither flaxseed hulls nor monensin; 2) diet containing (dry matter basis) 19·8% flaxseed hulls; 3) diet with monensin (16 mg/kg dry matter); 4) diet containing 19·8% (dry matter basis) flaxseed hulls and 16 mg monensin/kg. Flaxseed hull supplementation decreased the acetate to propionate ratio in ruminal fluid and monensin had no effect. Concentrations of trans-18:1 isomers (trans9,trans11,trans13/14+6/8) and cis9,12,15-18:3 in ruminal fluid and milk fat were higher and those of cis9,12-18:2 in milk fat tended (P=0·07) to be higher for cows supplemented with flaxseed hulls than for cows fed no flaxseed hulls. Monensin had little effect on milk fatty acid profile. A combination of flaxseed hulls and monensin did not result in better milk fatty acid profile than when feeding only flaxseed hulls.

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