scholarly journals Zhou Zuoren’s “Human Literature” View and Christianity: An Encounter and Departure

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Hesha Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Fyodor Dostoevsky ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Zhou Zuoren

Zhou Zuoren’s “Human Literature” view which was raised by Zhou before and after “May 4th” Movement, was influenced by Christianity and therefore had a scent of “humanitarian love”. Zhou Zuoren was then dazzled by humanitarian love, but there was still a distance between his thought and Christian thought. This article aims at a discussion about the distance in the spirit of Zhou Zuoren’s “Human Literature” view and Christian humanitarianism which is represented by Fyodor Dostoevsky, and about the reasons for Zhou’s departure from the education of the masses.

Victorinus, Marius, c. 285–c. 365 CE

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Rhetorical Strategy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pauline Epistles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Latin Church ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
Nicene Creed ◽  
The Trinity

Marius Victorinus is one of the few direct links between the Platonist schools of late antiquity and Latin theology. A professor of rhetoric in mid-4th century Rome, Victorinus is perhaps the only Latin author whose writings, composed before and after his conversion to Christianity, survive. His school works of grammar and rhetoric were used for over a millennium, and he anticipated Boethius in integrating logic and dialectic into the rhetorical curriculum. He also translated the Neoplatonic works that deeply impacted Augustine. After conversion, Victorinus composed theological works of various genres: treatises and hymns in defense of the Nicene Creed and commentaries on the Pauline epistles, the first in Latin. The treatises reveal his chief contribution to the history of Christian thought: a philosophical interpretation of the trinity that drew deeply on late antique Platonist language and conceptuality to formulate a pro-Nicene theology. His commentaries on Paul employ the grammarian’s literal treatment of the text to identify the situational context of the epistles and the apostle’s rhetorical strategy. Victorinus was a pioneer of the synthesis of Christianity and Platonism in the Latin church, which reached its heights in late antiquity with Augustine and Boethius and flowered variously in the medieval Latin church.

scholarly journals Preparation of primary standard mixtures for atmospheric oxygen measurements with less than 1 µmol mol<sup>−1</sup> uncertainty for oxygen molar fractions

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 2631-2646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuyuki Aoki ◽  
Shigeyuki Ishidoya ◽  
Nobuhiro Matsumoto ◽  
Takuro Watanabe ◽  
Takuya Shimosaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Primary Standard ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Standard Uncertainty ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Oxygen Measurements

Abstract. Precise monitoring of changes in atmospheric O2 levels was implemented by preparing primary standard mixtures with less than 1 µmol mol−1 standard uncertainty for O2 molar fractions. In this study, these mixtures were crafted in 10 L high-pressure aluminium alloy cylinders using a gravimetric method in which unknown uncertainty factors were theoretically determined and subsequently reduced. Molar fractions of the constituents (CO2, Ar, O2, and N2) in the primary standard mixtures were mainly resolved using masses of the respective source gases (CO2, Ar, O2, and N2) that had been filled into the cylinders. To precisely determine the masses of the source gases, the difference in mass of the cylinder before and after filling the respective source gas was calculated by comparison with an almost identical reference cylinder. Although the masses of the cylinders filled with the source gas with respect to the reference cylinder tended to deviate in relation to temperature differences between the source-gas-filled cylinder and surrounding air, the degree of the deviation could be efficiently reduced by measuring the two cylinders at the exact same temperature. The standard uncertainty for the cylinder mass obtained in our weighing system was determined to be 0.82 mg. The standard uncertainties for the O2 molar fractions in the primary standard mixtures ranged from 0.7 to 0.8 µmol mol−1. Based on the primary standard mixtures, the annual average molar fractions of atmospheric O2 and Ar in 2015 at Hateruma island, Japan, were found to be 209339.1±1.1 and 9334.4±0.7 µmol mol−1, respectively. The molar fraction for atmospheric Ar was in agreement with previous reports.

scholarly journals The Asteroid Mass Determination Project at The U.S. Naval Observatory

1999 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 361-362
Author(s):  
James L. Hilton ◽  
Ronald C. Stone
Keyword(s):  
High Precision ◽  
Mass Determination ◽  
Mean Motion ◽  
Naval Observatory ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Change In The Mean ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Better Than

Asteroid masses are the largest source of unmodeled forces in current planetary ephemerides research. Williams (1984) showed that the asteroids produce km size perturbations in the position of Mars. However, the masses of only three asteroids are known to better than 10%, and only six other asteroid masses have been determined at all.Detecting the mass of an asteroid is difficult because the observed quantity is the change in the mean motion of a second, perturbed asteroid. Asteroid masses are small, so the change in the mean motion is typically on the order of 0."015 yr−1. Thus, excellent orbit determinations are needed both before and after the perturbing encounter. This requires high precision observations over as many oppositions as possible.Hilton (1997) determined the mass of 15 Eunomia to within 25% by detecting perturbations of 1313 Berna. The greatest source of uncertainty in determining the mass of Eunomia was the very poor coverage and accuracy of pre-encounter observations. Hilton (1998) has determined the masses of 1 Ceres, 2 Pallas and 4 Vesta, all based on mutual interactions. The uncertainties in the masses are 1% for Ceres, 3% for Pallas, and 7% for Vesta. The masses of Ceres and Pallas are the best so far, and the mass for Vesta corroborates previous determinations of its mass.

scholarly journals Crisis Communication- The rise of New Brand Language in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 5864-5876
Author(s):  
Dr Pooja Jain
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Communication ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Crisis Response ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Communication Plan ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Masses

Traditionally the research on crisis communication was targeted to public and private organizations’ but there is a limited awareness on crisis communication from the perspective of Indian brands.It is considered as a powerful strategic approach to reach the existing and prospective target audience during troublesome situations. Whenever a crisis occurs, there is a need of proactive, swift and comprehensive communication. In India, now days every brand has started thinking about an emergency communication plan that they may use whenever needed. Since it’s all about a brand’s repute when a crisis occurs, it becomes crucial to communicate with the masses addressing their immediate concerns and counter false information, ensuring that the communication language remains consistent throughout. Advertising is the key focus here since it plays a fundamental role at the junction of mass interaction. In present scenario, Social media platforms has turned out to be expedient tool for crisis communicating. But along with it, identifying the facts about the crisis and its significance is equally essential. This paper thus aims to bring forth tools and tactics of communication being used by brands before and after crisis. To better understand how this issue may affect the decision-making outcomes, Qualitative research approach will be taken to investigate judgement by observing & interviewing domain experts. Primary & Secondary data will help to evaluate the crisis response strategies taken by some power brands of India. Case study approach will yield the desired level of detail & understanding. Conclusions point out the glaring fact that all the brands that are involved in crisis communication have been successful in retaining their social identity and acceptance with high ethical standards in regard to social responsibility. Recommendations for how crisis communication can be further improvised in practice are discussed as well as suggestions for future research are provided.

The Tradition of Christian Thought in The History of Russian Culture

2020 ◽  
pp. 676-693
Author(s):  
Igor I. Evlampiev
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Main Trend ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Religious Philosophy ◽  
Fyodor Dostoevsky ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Andrei Tarkovsky ◽  
Russian Religious Thought

This chapter highlights the most important characteristics of Russian religiosity and briefly describes the development of Russian religious thought from Russia’s adoption of Christianity in the tenth century up through the twentieth. It is emphasized that Russian religiosity strives to unite the divine and the earthly, in the interests of imparting to earthly reality a divine perfection. The author develops his view that Russian religious philosophy has always inclined towards the Gnostic version of Christianity, which denies the idea of the Fall and admits that the individual, as well as humanity as a whole, can achieve perfection in earthly life (i.e. the ‘Kingdom of God on Earth’ is possible). This point of view, first expressed by Pyotr Chaadaev, later became known as the concept of Godmanhood. Such a view lies at the centre of the philosophical outlook of the most famous Russian thinkers: Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, and Vladimir Solovyov. The author argues that the main trend of twentieth-century Russian philosophy was to prove the crucial importance of Christianity for the proper development of civilization, while Christianity itself was understood by Russian thinkers (Nicolas Berdyaev, Semyon Frank, Lev Karsavin, Andrei Tarkovsky and others) as a teaching not so much about God as about the divine nature of man.

scholarly journals Sentiment Analysis of before and after Elections: Twitter Data of U.S. Election 2020

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 2082
Author(s):  
Hassan Nazeer Chaudhry ◽  
Yasir Javed ◽  
Farzana Kulsoom ◽  
Zahid Mehmood ◽  
Zafar Iqbal Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Bayes Classifier ◽  
Before And After ◽  
2016 Election ◽  
Global Events ◽  
Election Results ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Public Views

U.S. President Joe Biden took his oath after being victorious in the controversial U.S. elections of 2020. The polls were conducted over postal ballot due to the coronavirus pandemic following delays of the announcement of the election’s results. Donald J. Trump claimed that there was potential rigging against him and refused to accept the results of the polls. The sentiment analysis captures the opinions of the masses over social media for global events. In this work, we analyzed Twitter sentiment to determine public views before, during, and after elections and compared them with actual election results. We also compared opinions from the 2016 election in which Donald J. Trump was victorious with the 2020 election. We created a dataset using tweets’ API, pre-processed the data, extracted the right features using TF-IDF, and applied the Naive Bayes Classifier to obtain public opinions. As a result, we identified outliers, analyzed controversial and swing states, and cross-validated election results against sentiments expressed over social media. The results reveal that the election outcomes coincide with the sentiment expressed on social media in most cases. The pre and post-election sentiment analysis results demonstrate the sentimental drift in outliers. Our sentiment classifier shows an accuracy of 94.58% and a precision of 93.19%.

scholarly journals NM R Determination of the Fractal Geometry of Gels Around the Collapse Transition

1989 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Blinc ◽  
O. Jarh ◽  
A. Zidanšek ◽  
A. Blinc
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Fractal Geometry ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Liquid Component ◽  
Collapse Transition ◽  
Spin Lattice ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Masses

Abstract The increase in the surface to volume ratio at the collapse transition of gels can be exploited to allow for an NMR determination of the fractal dimension of the gel surface in the liquid state where this quantity is hard to measure with other techniques. The measured quantities are the ratio be­tween the spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times T1/T2 of the liquid component and the ratio of the masses or volumes of the gel before and after the collapse transition. The technique has been used to determine the surface fractal dimen­sion of a blood plasma gel.

scholarly journals Chemical Binding of Chitosan and Chitosan Nanoparticles onto Oxidized Cellulose

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 155892501501000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivera Sauperl ◽  
Mirjana Kostic ◽  
Jovana Milanovic ◽  
Lidija Fras Zemljic
Keyword(s):  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Fiber Surface ◽  
Oxidized Cellulose ◽  
Amino Groups ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Aldehyde Groups ◽  
The Masses

The aim of this study was to analyze binding of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles onto cellulose via oxidized cellulose. The ability of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles to be adsorbed onto surfaces was determined by the use of the XPS spectroscopy which provided information about chemical composition of the fiber surface. On the other hand, the gravimetric method was also used by which the amount of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles bounded onto surface was calculated based on the difference in masses before and after functionalization. The most important was to study the influence of aldehyde groups on the stability of chitosan binding onto cellulose. Thus, desorption of chitosan/chitosan nanoparticles from the fiber surfaces was evaluated by the presence of total nitrogen (TN) in desorption bath as well as by polyelectrolyte titrations. Together with these two methods, desorption was evaluated also by gravimetric method, where the extent of desorption was evaluated on the basis of the differences in the masses of fibers before and after desorption. It is concluded that the chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles are more efficiently bounded onto oxidized cellulose in comparison with the non-oxidized (reference) ones. Despite the binding of the positively-charged amino groups with the negative groups of cellulose and consequently smaller amount of available/residual protonated amino groups that are responsible for bioactivity, such functionalized fibers are still specifically antimicrobial.

scholarly journals Metformin as a new option in the medical management of breast fibroadenoma; a randomized clinical trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadaf Alipour ◽  
Mahboubeh Abedi ◽  
Azin Saberi ◽  
Arezoo Maleki-Hajiagha ◽  
Firoozeh Faiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Placebo Group ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trial ◽  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Female Sex Hormones ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Higher Doses

Abstract Background Fibroadenoma (FA) is the most common benign solid breast mass in women, with no definite method of management. Because fibroadenoma is dependent on female sex hormones and comprises hypertrophic changes at cellular levels, we investigated the effects of metformin (MF), a safe hypoglycemic agent with anti-estrogenic and anti-proliferative properties, in the management of fibroadenoma. Methods In this randomized clinical trial study, eligible women with fibroadenomas were assigned randomly to the metformin (1000 mg daily for six months) or the placebo group. Breast physical and ultrasound exam was performed before and after the intervention, and the changes in the size of fibroadenomas were compared in the two groups. Results Overall, 83 patients in the treatment, and 92 in the placebo group completed the study. A statistically significant difference in changing size between the two groups was observed only in the smallest mass. In the largest FAs, the rate of size reduction was higher in the treatment group (60.2 % vs. 43.5 %); while a higher rate of enlargement was observed in the placebo group (38 % vs. 20.5 %). In the smallest FAs, the rate of the masses that got smaller or remained stable was about 90 % in the treatment group and 50 % in the placebo group. We categorized size changes of FAs into < 20 % enlargement and ≥ 20 % enlargement. The odds ratio (OR) for an elargemnt less than 20% was 1.48 (95 % CI = 1.10–1.99) in the treatment group in comparison with the placebo group; the odds for an enlargement less than 20% was higher in women with multiples fibroadenomas (OR = 4.67, 95 % CI: 1.34–16.28). In our study, no serious adverse effect was recorded, and the medicine was well-tolerated by all users. Conclusions This is the first study that evaluates the effect of MF on the management of fibroadenoma, and the results suggest a favorable effect. Larger studies using higher doses of MF and including a separate design for patients with single or multiple FAs are suggested in order to confirm this effect. Trial registration This trial (IRCT20100706004329N7) was retrospectively registered on 2018-10-07.

Red China, Red translation

Babel ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
He Aijun
Keyword(s):  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Important Means ◽  
The Masses

This thesis gives a concise introduction to Professor Fang Huawen, the most productive literary translator in contemporary China, and concentrates on his important translation theory “Red Translation in Red China”. He is most productive based on the fact that he has published translated works of about 6 million words. China’s translation is “red” based on the fact that politics plays a dominant role in China’s translation activities. To drive home this notion which is the key point in Professor Fang’s theory, the author of the thesis traces the reasons from the following four aspects:. 1.Historical and social reasons. China’s weakness in the closing years of the Qing Dynasty and China’s failure of the war with Japan in 1895 dealt a heavy blow on the patriotic scholars of the country, so they regarded translation as the most important means of saving the nation from being enslaved; such “patriotic” translation developed into “red” translation as times changed. 2. Human reasons. Nearly all of the translators following the line of “red translation”, who had formed a large body in the teams of Chinese translators before and after 1949, were either communist leaders like Maodun and Liu Bocheng or ardent supporters of socialist cause. They guided the direction of translation in modern China by taking the lead in introducing “red” books into China. 3. Reasons of political systems. P. R. China is governed by the Party who sticks to “red” (proletarian) politics, which has decided the nature of translation in China. 4. Reasons of public wills. The scholars in old China were in continuous search of a way to save their motherland from slavery; Darwinism, Anarchism, Utopian socialism and many other “isms” had aroused their interests, but they chose socialism as the masses, who suffered in poverty, thought that only socialism could help them get rid of poverty and achieve national independence. The nature of socialist China permits only red translation.

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