Global Warming and Water Resources Variability in the Maritime Region of Togo (West Africa)

One of the most important climatic phenomena of our planet on the threshold of this third millennium is undoubtedly that of global warming. This phenomenon, whose impact on the global environment is disastrous, has been attracting the attention of the international community since the end of the last century. Global warming can be observed on a global scale, but with regional and local signatures. In Togo, the Maritime region which houses the bulk of industrial activities (90%) and densely populated (40% of the national population), would be more exposed to the effects of global warming than all the other regions of the country. The current study uses meteorological and hydrological data to calculate statistical indexes which show the evolution of temperatures and water resources variability. The aim is to detect the signs of global warming and the variability of water resources in order to envisage better adaptation strategies. The results of the analysis of climate data for a long enough period (30 to 50 years) demonstrated a change on rain distribution after 1960 which is prejudicial to rainfall agriculture practiced by about 90% of Togolese crop growers, and an augmentation of the average temperature about 2.2 degree celsius for Lomé and 1.7 degree celsius for Tabligbo.

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How have both cultivation and warming influenced annual global isoprene and monoterpene emissions since the preindustrial era?

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-12-9703-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (20) ◽

pp. 9703-9718 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

K. Tanaka ◽

H.-J. Kim ◽

K. Saito ◽

H. G. Takahashi ◽

M. Watanabe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Southeast Asia ◽

Ocean Circulation ◽

Circulation Model ◽

Global Scale ◽

The Other ◽

Forest Conversion ◽

Climate Data ◽

Monthly Basis ◽

Air Temperatures ◽

The Difference

Abstract. To examine the influence of both crop cultivation and surface air temperatures (SATs) on annual global isoprene and monoterpene emissions, which can lead to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), we simulated, on a monthly basis, the annual emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the period 1854–2000. The model estimates were based on historical climate data such as SATs, and downward solar radiation (DSR) reproduced with an atmospheric-ocean circulation model, as well as a time series of the global distribution of cropland (to test the hypothesis that conversion of forests into croplands lowers emissions). The simulations demonstrated that global SAT, DSR, the combination of SAT and DSR, and the expansion of cropland all affected emissions. The effect of cropland expansion (i.e., forest conversion) on annual emissions during this period was larger for isoprene (~7% reduction on a global scale) than for monoterpenes (~2% reduction), mainly because of the reduction in broadleaf evergreen forests (BEFs) in Southeast Asia, which have the highest and most constant emissions of isoprene and where both temperature and radiation are high all year round. The reduction in the Amazon region and in parts of Africa, which are other primary sources of annual global isoprene emissions, but where the conversion of BEF to cropland has been much smaller than in Southeast Asia, was less remarkable, probably because the broadleaf deciduous forests and C4 grasslands in these areas have lower and seasonal emissions; hence, their conversion has less effect. On the other hand, the difference in the emission factors (ε) between cropland and the other vegetation types was much lower for monoterpenes than for isoprene, although the ε for cropland was generally the lowest for both compounds. Thus, the expansion of cropland also contributed to the reduction in monoterpene emissions to some degree, but had less effect. A ~5% increase in emissions due to rising SAT was more than offset by the decrease in isoprene emissions and a concurrent ~2% reduction caused by a decrease in DSR. Overall, annual global isoprene emissions in 2000 were lower than in 1854 by 13 TgC yr−1, whereas annual global monoterpene emissions were higher by 2.3 TgC yr−1.

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Water Resources Dynamics and Vulnerability in Rusizi National Park (Burundi) from 1984 to 2015, in the Context of Climate Change and Global Warming

International Journal of Environment and Climate Change ◽

10.9734/ijecc/2018/v8i427192 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 308-331

Author(s):

Ntiranyibagira Elysée ◽

Sambou Bienvenu ◽

Abou Thiam ◽

Naramabuye François Xavier ◽

Uwiringiyimana Thacienne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Water Resources ◽

Land Cover ◽

National Park ◽

Rainfall Variability ◽

Water Bodies ◽

Spatial Transformation ◽

Climate Data ◽

Landsat Images ◽

Transformation Processes

The study of water resources’ dynamics and vulnerability in Rusizi national Park aimed to achieve the following objectives: (1) to identify, characterize and map water bodies, (2) to analyze and explain their periodical evolutions and (3) to analyze the spatial transformation processes affecting them. It is a contribution to the knowledge of the Park’s water resources for the development of monitoring systems and the sustainability of their functions as strategic ecosystems. It is based on the diachronic analysis of land cover from multi-date Landsat images of years 1984, 1990 and 2011 (TM), 2000 (ETM+) and 2015 (OLI-TIRS), landscape ecology tools and socio-economic and climate data. Supervised classification of images allowed the identification of 9 to 10 land cover classes including water bodies, according to years. A total number of 17 water bodies were detected from 1984 to 2015. During this period, regularly detected and dried up water bodies represent 18.2% and 54.6% respectively. The rates of water bodies’ drying up were 69.2% in 2000 and 64.2% in 2015. Water bodies are experiencing a great deterioration in number, size and stability. The Park's water coverage has decreased from 3.56% in 1984 to 2.43% in 2015. This corresponds to a decline of 31.2%. The water bodies’ stability, which was 75.70% between 1984 and 1990, represents only 42.78% between 1984 and 2015. The stability of individual water bodies is decreasing as well while low spatial connectivities are being observed between some close water bodies. The spatial transformation processes carrying these dynamics are patch enlargement, patch creation, patch attrition and patch dissection, depending on the period. Global warming, rainfall variability and farming activities like land drainage and irrigation are the most important threats to water resources.

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How have both cultivation and warming influenced annual global isoprene and monoterpene emissions since the preindustrial era?

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-12-16515-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 16515-16555 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. Tanaka ◽

H.-J. Kim ◽

K. Saito ◽

H. G. Takahashi ◽

M. Watanabe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Southeast Asia ◽

Ocean Circulation ◽

Surface Air Temperature ◽

Circulation Model ◽

Global Scale ◽

The Other ◽

Primary Sources ◽

Forest Conversion ◽

Climate Data ◽

The Difference

Abstract. To examine the influence of both crop cultivation and surface air temperature (SAT) on annual global isoprene and monoterpene emissions, which can lead to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), we simulated the annual emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the period 1854–2000. The model estimates were based on historical climate data such as SATs, and downward solar radiation (DSR) reproduced with an atmospheric-ocean circulation model, as well as a time series of the global distribution of cropland (to test the hypothesis that conversion of forests into croplands lowers emissions). The simulations demonstrated that global SAT, DSR, the combination of SAT and DSR, and the expansion of cropland all affected emissions. The effect of cropland expansion (i.e., forest conversion) on annual emissions during this period was larger for isoprene (~7% reduction on a global scale) than for monoterpenes (~2% reduction), mainly because of the reduction in broadleaf evergreen forests (BEFs) in Southeast Asia, which have the highest and most constant emissions of isoprene and where both temperature and radiation are high all year round. The reduction in the Amazon region and in parts of Africa, which are other primary sources of annual global isoprene emissions, but where the conversion of BEF to cropland has been much smaller than in Southeast Asia, was less remarkable, probably because the broadleaf deciduous forests and C4 grasslands in these areas have lower and seasonal emissions; hence, their conversion has less effect. On the other hand, the difference in the emission factors (ε) between cropland and the other vegetation types was much lower for monoterpenes than for isoprene, although the ε for cropland was generally the lowest for both emissions. Thus, the expansion of cropland also contributed to the reduction in monoterpene emissions to some degree, but had less effect. A ~5% increase in emissions due to rising SAT was more than offset by the decrease in isoprene emissions and a concurrent ~2% reduction caused by a decrease in DSR. Overall, annual global isoprene emissions in 2000 were lower than in 1854, whereas annual global monoterpene emissions were higher.

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Effective use of water in the landscape architecture curriculum

New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences ◽

10.18844/prosoc.v4i6.2918 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 98-104

Author(s):

Nur Belkayali

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Water Resources ◽

Water Scarcity ◽

Landscape Architecture ◽

Water Cycle ◽

Sustainable Use ◽

Limited Resource ◽

Global Scale ◽

Preservation Planning ◽

Effective Use

Water is an indispensable life source for all living creatures, and such a vital source is being increasingly polluted and running out due to lack of effective use. Aridity is on the rise due to water cycle issues caused by global warming and, as such, water is becoming more and more a limited resource for the future. Necessary measures should be taken immediately to prevent this outcome. Training and awareness raising campaigns for effective use of water play a significant role in this respect. Striving to ensure the sustainable use of natural resources for improving the living quality of humans, landscape architects take various courses on the effective use of water throughout their education from the preservation, planning, design and management aspects of such endeavor. Topics such as xeriscape landscape designs, effective irrigation methods, choice of right vegetation, effective use of water resources and assessment of water resources on ecological level are considered to be significant elements of landscaping studies in tackling water scarcity issues brought on global warming and aridity. The present study aims to emphasise the place and significance of landscape architects and landscape architecture, as an academic study, in tackling the issue of water scarcity, which is an important issue on a global scale. With this aim in mind, the courses and syllabuses concerning the effective use of water included in the landscape architecture programs teach in both Turkey and around the world have been identified. The case studies on the effective use of water resources in Turkey and elsewhere have been studied and the things to be done in this respect have been presented. Keywords: Water, climate change, xeriscape landscaping, landscape architecture programs.

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KETERKAITAN CUACA DI INDONESIA DENGAN FENOMENA BINTIK MATAHARI (SUNSPOT)(RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WEATHER IN INDONESIA AND SUNSPOT PHENOMENON)

Agromet ◽

10.29244/j.agromet.21.1.36-46 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 36

Author(s):

B. Basyaruddin ◽

S. Effendy

Keyword(s):

Circulation Pattern ◽

Global Scale ◽

The Other ◽

The Sun ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Cubic Equation ◽

Other Hand ◽

Sun Activity ◽

Short Time ◽

First Time

<p>The Sun activity was correlation with weather activities in global scale. Shortwave emission from flare sun space could be impact warmer in earth atmosphere only a short time and indirect caused atmospheric circulation pattern through polar direction from equator with more heater than the other palaces. Based on research the sun activity can caused indirect on the earth. On the other hand, atmosphere is in the first time accept effect modify from sun space. The effect is not the same at every layers of atmosphere. In the top atmosphere (Ionosphere) was layer with more free electron at the 225 km level occurred electron density diurnal and seasonal variation depend on sun position, and sun spot cycle. Sun spot impact on Indonesian weather with non-linier cubic equation. Solar radiation higher if increase amount of sun spot in the sun space. On the other hand, temperature and relative humidity influenced by outgoing radiation from earth, latitude and local topography specific than sunspot. It is interesting to note that this study different with literature. This study found average temperature in the tropic area the most highest than others area is contrary with literature.</p>

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Potential impacts of global warming on water resources in southern California

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2003.0685 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 47 (7-8) ◽

pp. 165-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

M. Beuhler

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Resources ◽

Southern California ◽

Salt Water ◽

Scenario Planning ◽

Potential Range ◽

Water Supplies ◽

Sea Levels ◽

Rising Sea Levels

Global warming will have a significant impact on water resources within the 20 to 30-year planning period of many water projects. Arid and semi-arid regions such as Southern California are especially vulnerable to anticipated negative impacts of global warming on water resources. Long-range water facility planning must consider global climate change in the recommended mix of new facilities needed to meet future water requirements. The generally accepted impacts of global warming include increased temperature, rising sea levels, more frequent and severe floods and droughts, and a shift from snowfall to rain. Precipitation changes are more difficult to predict. For Southern California, these impacts will be especially severe on surface water supplies. Additionally, rising sea levels will exacerbate salt-water intrusion into freshwater and impact the quality of surface water supplies. Integrated water resources planning is emerging as a tool to develop water supplies and demand management strategies that are less vulnerable to the impacts of global warming. These tools include water conservation, reclamation, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater and desalination of brackish water and possibly seawater. Additionally, planning for future water needs should include explicit consideration of the potential range of global warming impacts through techniques such as scenario planning.

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Homogeneity Test and Correction of Daily Temperature and Precipitation Data (1978–2015) in North China

Advances in Meteorology ◽

10.1155/2018/4712538 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lingling Shen ◽

Li Lu ◽

Tianjie Hu ◽

Runsheng Lin ◽

Ji Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

North China ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Homogeneity Test ◽

Climate Data ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Temperature And Precipitation ◽

Daily Data ◽

Before And After ◽

Annual Average Temperature

Homogeneity of climate data is the basis for quantitative assessment of climate change. By using the MASH method, this work examined and corrected the homogeneity of the daily data including average, minimum, and maximum temperature and precipitation during 1978–2015 from 404/397 national meteorological stations in North China. Based on the meteorological station metadata, the results are analyzed and the differences before and after homogenization are compared. The results show that breakpoints are present pervasively in these temperature data. Most of them appeared after 2000. The stations with a host of breakpoints are mainly located in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei Province, where meteorological stations are densely distributed. The numbers of breakpoints in the daily precipitation series in North China during 1978–2015 also culminated in 2000. The reason for these breakpoints, called inhomogeneity, may be the large-scale replacement of meteorological instruments after 2000. After correction by the MASH method, the annual average temperature and minimum temperature decrease by 0.04°C and 0.06°C, respectively, while the maximum temperature increases by 0.01°C. The annual precipitation declines by 0.96 mm. The overall trends of temperature change before and after the correction are largely consistent, while the homogeneity of individual stations is significantly improved. Besides, due to the correction, the majority series of the precipitation are reduced and the correction amplitude is relatively large. During 1978–2015, the temperature in North China shows a rise trend, while the precipitation tends to decrease.

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The Measure of All Things

Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences ◽

10.1525/hsns.2018.48.4.403 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 403-440 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jérôme Lamy

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Global Warming ◽

Large Range ◽

The United States ◽

Significant Rise ◽

The Other ◽

Satellite Mission ◽

Sea Levels ◽

Joint Mission ◽

The 1960S

The TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite mission to observe the oceans triggered the formation of the new specialty of space oceanography from the 1970s to 1990s. Previously, in the 1960s in the United States, traditional oceanographers had shown little interest in the possibilities of space and thus space engineers and physicists worked on the first missions (Seasat in particular). TOPEX/POSEIDON brought together two projects, one American (TOPEX) and the other French (POSEIDON). The gradual crystallization of the disciplinary specialty of space oceanography occurred by making available a platform of instruments able to meet an ensemble of varied needs. Battery failures just before the launch of the joint mission meant that the mission had to focus on the essentials (notably El Niño effects). Subsequently, the discovery of a significant rise in sea levels due to global warming resulted in space oceanography becoming a recognized specialty. The case of TOPEX/POSEIDON shows the original ways in which instruments gained a place in the very large range of oceanographic techniques.

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