scholarly journals The Role of Universities in International Response to Pandemic Threats

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
David W. Chapman ◽  
Kaylee Myhre Errecaborde
Keyword(s):  
Regional Level ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Country Level ◽  
International Response ◽  
Considerable Controversy

<p>Faced with increasing pressure to generate more of their own budgets, universities in low and middle income countries are increasingly banding together as country and regional-level networks to bid on and subsequently implement externally funded development projects (a pattern already seen in high income countries). While working as a network may offer a competitive advantage in bidding on international contracts, it also introduces a new set of dynamics in cross border collaboration among higher education institutions. This paper examines the dynamics of university networks, drawing on the experience of one regional and four country-level networks in South East Asia which were created to promote better national preparation and response to pandemic threats. Findings suggest that, in many universities, university efforts to work through networks is a source of considerable controversy as it pushes institutions and individuals into new roles and often conflicts with existing institution-level incentive systems.</p>

scholarly journals What is the role of roles? Exploring the link between social roles and women’s alcohol use in low- and middle-income countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Grittner ◽  
Zsofia Nemeth ◽  
Sandra Kuntsche ◽  
Beate Gaertner ◽  
Kim Bloomfield
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Risky Drinking ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita Consumption ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Grittner, U., Nemeth, Z., Kuntsche, S., Gaertner, B., & Bloomfield, K. (2015). What is the role of roles? Exploring the link between social roles and women’s alcohol use in low- and middle-income countries. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(2), 139-149. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i2.211Aims: This paper investigates how social roles are related to alcohol use among women in low- and middle-income countries.Methods: Cross-sectional data were used from 25-49-years-old women in 11 low- and middle-income countries from the GenACIS project. Dependent variables were current drinking and risky drinking (10+gr/day). Information on partnership, parenthood and having paid labour were used as social role measures. Multiple and multilevel regression analyses were carried out to test whether holding several roles are related to current and risky drinking.Results: Having paid work was associated with current and risky drinking across countries. Having a partner and having children were associated with a higher likelihood of abstention. With regard to country level characteristics per capita consumption was significantly related to both current drinking and risky drinking among women, while gross national income was significantly associated only with current drinking. Gender equality within the country did not have a significant association with women’s drinking. Concerning differing role combinations, working single women without children were most likely to be risky drinkers, while women who were not working and had a partner and children were the least likely.Conclusions: Paid labour was a substantial singular factor positively associated with women’s drinking. In addition, with the exception of Argentina and Kazakhstan, high per capita consumption on country level was associated with higher prevalence of risky drinking among women.

Depression in the Developing World

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Minas
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
International Development ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Health And Social Services ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Culturally Informed ◽  
Global Understanding

This chapter provides an overview of what is known about prevalence, social determinants, treatment, and course and impact of depression in developing, or low- and middle-income, countries. The importance of culture in depression and in the construction and application of diagnostic classifications and in health and social services is highlighted, with a particular focus on the applicability of ‘Western’ diagnostic constructs and service systems in developing country settings. The role of international organizations, such as WHO, and international development programs, such as the SDGs, in improving our understanding of depression and in developing effective and culturally appropriate responses is briefly examined. There is both a need and increasing opportunities in developing countries for greater commitment to mental health of populations, increased investment in mental health and social services, and culturally informed research that will contribute to improved global understanding of mental disorders in general and depression in particular.

Health research capacity in Nepal: Analysis of the trend and the role of local researchers

2021 ◽  
pp. 004947552098277
Author(s):  
Madhu Kharel ◽  
Alpha Pokharel ◽  
Krishna P Sapkota ◽  
Prasant V Shahi ◽  
Pratisha Shakya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Research ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Research Capacity ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Evidence Based Decision Making

Evidence-based decision-making is less common in low- and middle-income countries where the research capacity remains low. Nepal, a lower-middle-income country in Asia, is not an exception. We conducted a rapid review to identify the trend of health research in Nepal and found more than seven-fold increase in the number of published health-related articles between 2000 and 2018. The proportion of articles with Nepalese researchers as the first authors has also risen over the years, though they are still only in two-thirds of the articles in 2018.

scholarly journals Peripheral Inotropes in Critically Ill Children: Is It Safe?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2333794X2110222
Author(s):  
Ravi K. Mooli ◽  
Kalaimaran Sadasivam
Keyword(s):  
Central Venous Access ◽  
Pediatric Intensive Care ◽  
Venous Access ◽  
Critically Ill Children ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Central Lines ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Peripheral Venous Access ◽  
Vasoactive Medications

Many children needing pediatric intensive care units care require inotropes, which are started peripherally prior to securing a central venous access. However, many hospitals in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) may not have access to central lines and the vasoactive medications are frequently given through a peripheral venous access. Aim: The aim of our study was to describe the role of peripheral vasoactive inotropes in children. Methods: Children requiring peripheral vasoactive medications were included in this study. We retrospectively collected data at 2 time points on use and complications of peripheral vasoactive medications. Results: Eighty-four children (51 pre-COVID era and 33 COVID pandemic) received peripheral vasoactive medications. Only 3% of children (3/84) developed extravasation injury, all of whom recovered completely. Conclusions: Results from our study suggest that extravasation injury due to peripheral inotrope infusion is very low (3%) and it may be safely administered in children at a diluted concentration.

scholarly journals Predictors of Contemporary under-5 Child Mortality in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Machine Learning Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1315
Author(s):  
Andrea Bizzego ◽  
Giulio Gabrieli ◽  
Marc H. Bornstein ◽  
Kirby Deater-Deckard ◽  
Jennifer E. Lansford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Machine Learning Approach ◽  
Operational Information ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Child Mortality (CM) is a worldwide concern, annually affecting as many as 6.81% children in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). We used data of the Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS) (N = 275,160) from 27 LMIC and a machine-learning approach to rank 37 distal causes of CM and identify the top 10 causes in terms of predictive potency. Based on the top 10 causes, we identified households with improved conditions. We retrospectively validated the results by investigating the association between variations of CM and variations of the percentage of households with improved conditions at country-level, between the 2005–2007 and the 2013–2017 administrations of the MICS. A unique contribution of our approach is to identify lesser-known distal causes which likely account for better-known proximal causes: notably, the identified distal causes and preventable and treatable through social, educational, and physical interventions. We demonstrate how machine learning can be used to obtain operational information from big dataset to guide interventions and policy makers.

scholarly journals Assessing Factors Associated with TB Awareness in Nepal: A National and Subnational Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5124
Author(s):  
Yoko Iwaki ◽  
Santosh Kumar Rauniyar ◽  
Shuhei Nomura ◽  
Michael C. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
High Level

Tuberculosis (TB) has still remained a serious global health threat in low- and middle-income countries in recent years. As of 2021, Nepal is one of the high TB burden countries, with an increasing prevalence of cases. This study evaluates factors associated with TB awareness in Nepal. This study uses data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, a cross-sectional survey carried out from June 2016 to January 2017. Multilevel logistic regression is performed to examine the association of demographic and socioeconomic factors with TB awareness. Our findings show a high level of TB awareness in all seven provinces of Nepal. Province 5 has the highest level of awareness (98.1%) among all provinces, followed by provinces 3 and 4, while province 6 has the lowest awareness level (93.2%) compared to others. Socioeconomic factors such as wealth, education and owning a mobile phone are significantly associated with TB awareness. Socioeconomic determinants are influential factors associated with TB awareness in Nepal. The wide variation in the proportion of awareness at a regional level emphasizes the importance of formulating tailored strategies to increase TB awareness. For instance, the use of mobile phones could be an effective strategy to promote TB awareness at a regional level. This study provides valuable evidence to support further research on the contribution of information and communication technology (ICT) usage to improving TB awareness in Nepal.

scholarly journals Tobacco intervention research in low- and middle-income countries: lessons learned and future directions

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth D. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Tobacco Cessation ◽  
Tobacco Dependence ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Tobacco Intervention

Treating tobacco dependence is paramount for global tobacco control efforts, but is often overshadowed by other policy priorities. As stated by Jha (2009), “cessation by current smokers is the only practical way to avoid a substantial proportion of tobacco deaths worldwide before 2050.” Its importance is codified in Article 14 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), and in the WHO's MPOWER package of effective country-level policies. Unfortunately, only 15% of the world's population have access to appropriate cessation support (WHO, 2015). Moreover, parties to the FCTC have implemented only 51% of the indicators within Article 14, on average, which is far lower than many other articles (WHO, 2014). Further, commenting on the use of “O” measures (Offer help to quit tobacco use) in the MPOWER acronym, WHO recently concluded, “while there has been improvement in implementing comprehensive tobacco cessation services, this is nonetheless a most under-implemented MPOWER measure in terms of the number of countries that have fully implemented it” (WHO, 2015). To the detriment of global tobacco control efforts, only one in eight countries provides comprehensive cost-covered services, only one in four provide some cost coverage for nicotine replacement therapy, and fewer than one third provide a toll-free quit line (WHO, 2015).

DOES TECHNOLOGICAL SPECIALIZATION SPUR HIGH-TECHNOLOGY EXPORTS? EVIDENCE FROM PANEL QUANTILE REGRESSIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (02) ◽  
pp. 2050013
Author(s):  
SIDHESWAR PANDA ◽  
RUCHI SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Quantile Regressions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Technological Advantage ◽  
Technological Specialization

In view of the technological advances made by emerging economies, we revisit the role of technological specializations of different economies in determining their exports. Employing revealed technological advantage (RTA) index and revealed symmetric technological advantage (RSTA) index, this study explores the technological specialization of countries in different fields and its contribution to high-technology exports. Technological specializations are operationalized using patent data and further analyzed in context of country’s exports data of 63 countries during 2000–2013. Using panel quantile regressions analysis, this paper finds that technological specialization determines the export performance of countries in different categories. We find that middle-income countries are among the top countries with respect to few fields of technological specializations. Hence, there is a need to change the perspective whereby developing countries are viewed as mere technological follower. This finding has an implication for the role of patents in technological specialization and export performance, both of which are important factors in international competitiveness.

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