scholarly journals Twenty-year assessment of four tree species planted in the mountain hemlock zone of coastal British Columbia

2003 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-284
Author(s):  
D Burgess ◽  
A K Mitchell ◽  
G Goodmanson
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Abies Amabilis ◽  
Species Response ◽  
Tsuga Mertensiana ◽  
Abies Procera ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Concerns about low seedling survival and poor growth in plantations in montane areas resulted in a study to assess the field performance of amabilis fir (Abies amabilis (Dougl. Ex Loud) Dougl. Ex J. Forbes), noble fir (Abies procera Rehd.), yellow cedar (Chamae-cyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach) and mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carrière). Seedlings were planted on six sites within the Mountain Hemlock zone of coastal British Columbia. The most recent results, based on a field assessment completed 20 years after the study was started, are presented. Little variation was noted among seedling stock types or between fall and spring planting. Seedling survival was greater than 78% for all four species. Although the sites were initially considered similar, large differences in productivity and species response on the six sites are now evident. Key words: silviculture, high-elevation forestry, montane forests, reforestation, seedling establishment, Abies amabilis, Abies procera, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Tsuga mertensiana

Geographic variation, nursery effects, and early selection in lodgepole pine

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 832-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Ying ◽  
C. Thompson ◽  
L. Herring
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Interior Region ◽  
Seed Transfer ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Coastal British Columbia ◽  
Seed Transfer Guidelines

Thirty provenances of lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.) test stock raised at two nurseries, Cowichan Lake (coastal British Columbia) and Red Rock (interior British Columbia), were assessed in two 15-year field trials. Analyses indicated three broad geographic regions of genetic differentiation in British Columbia: coast, coast–interior transition, and central and southern interior. Provenance elevation was found to have a strong influence on growth. The results suggest that the present seed transfer guidelines for lodgepole pine in the interior region of this province are conservative enough to prevent the use of maladapted seed sources. Nursery effect declined over a period of 15 years, while provenance differences increased with the age of the trials. Interactions between provenances and sites also increased after age 9. This suggests that the effect due to seedling culture and environment in the nursery is short-term relative to the influence of the genetic component. Nursery growth was generally not a good predictor of provenance field performance.

scholarly journals Survival and Growth of Bullet, Styroplug and Bareroot Seedlings on Mid-Elevation Sites in Coastal British Columbia

1981 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Arnott
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Bareroot Seedlings ◽  
Coastal British Columbia ◽  
C 63

A trial was established over 2 successive years at two mid-elevation locations on southern Vancouver Island to assess and compare the field performance of a) 1-0 seedlings grown in Walters' bullets, b) 1-0 plug seedlings grown in BC/CFS Styroblocks, and c) conventional 2-0 bareroot stock of Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla.Five years after planting, average survival rates for P. menziesii were a) 77, b) 84 and c) 81%, and for T. heterophylla, a) 69, b) 87 and c) 63%. Average fifth year height on these mid-elevation sites was a) 51, b) 62 and c) 72 cm for P. menziesii, and a) 63, b) 67 and c) 57 cm for T. heterophylla. The results indicate that significantly better field performance can be obtained using 1-0 styroplug seedlings for T. heterophylla rather than conventional 2-0 bareroot stock. Such statistically significant differences were not evident for P. menziesii.

scholarly journals Causes and amelioration of nutrient deficiencies in cutovers of cedar-hemlock forests in coastal British Columbia

1996 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Prescott ◽  
G. F. Weetman ◽  
J. E. Barker
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Ericaceous Shrub ◽  
Forest Floors ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Poor growth of conifer regeneration occurred on sites formerly occupied by old-growth cedar-hemlock (CH) forests in coastal British Columbia, 5–8 years after clearcutting and slashburning. Symptoms included chlorotic foliage and growth check of Sitka spruce, western hemlock, western red cedar and amabilis fir, coincident with the expansion of the ericaceous shrub, salal, on the cutovers. Fertilization trials identified N and P deficiencies as the cause of the growth check of conifers, and additions of 300 kg N ha−1 and 100 kg P ha−1 significantly improved tree growth rates. Equivalent growth responses were achieved with additions of sewage sludge and fish silage. Burning, cultivating, liming, higher planting densities or herbicide application, were less effective in promoting conifer growth. The nutrient deficiencies in conifers on CH cutovers were the result of two factors: low nutrient availability in soil and humus, and competition and interference from salal. Salal immobilized substantial amounts of N in biomass and an in vitro study suggested it was able to use organic forms of N through its mycorrhizal fungi. The mycorrhizae of salal also interfered with those of hemlock, which further reduced their ability to take up nutrients. High concentrations of phenolic acids were associated with salal, which interfere with mineralization and uptake of N. The low availability of N and P in CH cutovers originated in forest floors of the old-growth forests prior to clearcutting. Nutrient availability was low in all layers of the forest floor in CH forests, and this appeared to result from three main factors. First, cedar litter contains less N and more decay-resistant material than other species, and produces forest floors with low rates of N mineralization. Second, the forest floors in CH forests are wetter and have less soil fauna than in HA forests, leading to incomplete decomposition and mineralization of N. Third, the salal understorey in CH forests interferes with mineralization of N through the production of tannins. Key words: growth check, fertilization, herbicide, ericaceous shrub, sewage sludge, mycorrhizae, allelopathy, nitrogen availability, nutrient cycling, NMR analysis

Performance of planted Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir seedlings in British Columbia's southern mountains

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
C C Lajzerowicz ◽  
A. Vyse ◽  
M. Jull ◽  
T. Newsome
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
South Central ◽  
Soil Temperatures

We compared survival and growth of planted seedlings of Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir across a range of harvest opening sizes (> 10 ha, 1 ha, 0.2 ha, 0.1 ha, 0.03 ha and individual tree selection) from three silvicultural systems trials in high-elevation spruce – subalpine fir forests in south-central British Columbia. Climatic patterns and growing season air and soil temperatures were similar across sites. Seedling survival decreased with opening size. Local site climates, influenced by aspect and moisture and air drainage, were more influential than elevation. Seedling growth was best in large openings and similar in opening sizes from 1 ha to 0.1 ha. Smaller openings created by group selection and individual tree selection methods were not favourable for successful planting at elevations close to timberline. The two species had similar absolute and relative growth rates but spruce responded more strongly to better growing environments. Key words: planted seedlings, Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm., subalpine fir, Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., opening size, elevation effects, silvicultural systems, British Columbia, mountain forests

Generation-dependent patterns of variation and population differentiation in Abies amabilis and A. lasiocarpa (Pinaceae) from north-coastal British Columbia

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Maze ◽  
William H. Parker ◽  
Gary E. Bradfield
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Population Differentiation ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Canonical Variates Analysis ◽  
Abies Amabilis ◽  
Taxonomic Distance ◽  
Variation Patterns ◽  
Canonical Variates ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

To investigate generation-dependent patterns of variation and differentiation in populations of Abies amabilis and A. lasiocarpa from north-coastal British Columbia, seven leaf variables were analyzed by multivariate methods. Principal-components analysis of leaf data from sexually immature trees of Abies amabilis and A. lasiocarpa indicated no evidence of hybridization between these two species, even on a disturbed site where sexually mature individuals of both species are sympatric. Regression analysis indicated that a change with altitude occurs in A. amabilis. Evidence of population differentiation in immature individuals of both species was demonstrated by canonical variates analysis: (1) in A. amabilis a canyon bottom population appeared distinctive; (2) in A. lasiocarpa population differentiation is related to latitude. Variation patterns in both species suggest that geographic distance and taxonomic distance between populations are independent. Such patterns would be predicted if selection were a more important determinant of population differentiation than gene flow. There is some indication that mature populations are more variable than immature.

Influence of the time and rate of liquid-manure application on yield and nitrogen utilization of silage corn in south coastal British Columbia

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
J. W. Paul ◽  
O. Schmidt ◽  
R. McDougall
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizer ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Liquid Manure ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Manure-N availability must be known in order to design application practices that maximize the nutrient value of the manure while minimizing adverse environmental impacts. This study determined the effect of time and rate of liquid manure application on silage corn yield and N utilization, and residual soil nitrate at harvest, in south coastal British Columbia. Liquid dairy or liquid hog manure was applied at target rates of 0, 175, 350 or 525 kg N ha−1, with or without addition of 100 kg N ha−1 as inorganic fertilizer, at two sites in each of 2 yr. Time of liquid-dairy-manure application was also tested at two sites in each of 2 yr with N-application treatments of: 600 kg N ha−1 as manure applied in spring; 600 kg N ha−1 as manure applied in fall; 300 kg N ha−1 as manure applied in each of spring and fall; 200 kg N ha−1 applied as inorganic fertilizer in spring; 300 kg N ha−1 as manure plus 100 kg N ha−1 as inorganic fertilizer applied in spring; and a control that received no applied N. Fall-applied manure did not increase corn yield or N uptake in the following growing season. At all sites, maximum yield was attained using manure only. Selection of proper spring application rates for manure and inorganic fertilizer were found to be equally important in minimizing residual soil nitrate at harvest. Apparent recovery of applied N in the crop ranged from 0 to 33% for manure and from 18 to 93% for inorganic fertilizer. Key words: N recovery, manure management

STRUCTURE, STRATIGRAPHY, AND PALEONTOLOGY OF AN UPPER TRIASSIC SECTION ON THE WEST COAST OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

1965 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 442-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Carlisle ◽  
Takeo Susuki
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Pillow Lava ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Upper Triassic ◽  
Coast Range ◽  
Thermal Alteration ◽  
The West ◽  
Coastal British Columbia ◽  
Sedimentary Unit

The highly deformed section at Open Bay is one of the few good exposures of a thick sedimentary unit within the prebatholithic rocks along coastal British Columbia. It provides new structural information relating to emplacement of a part of the Coast Range batholith and it contains an important Upper Triassic fauna unusually well represented. Structural and paleontological analyses are mutually supporting and are purposely combined in one paper.Thirteen ammonite genera from 14 localities clearly substantiate McLearn's tentative assignment to the Tropites subbullatus zone (Upper Karnian) and suggest a restriction to the T. dilleri subzone as defined in northern California.Contrary to an earlier view, the beds are lithologically similar across the whole bay except for variations in the intensity of deformation and thermal alteration. Their contact with slightly older relatively undeformed flows is apparently a zone of dislocation. Stratigraphic thicknesses cannot be measured with confidence, and subdivision into "Marble Bay Formation" and "Open Bay Group" cannot be accepted. Open Bay Formation is redefined to include all the folded marble and interbedded pillow lava at Open Bay. Lithologic and biostratigraphic correlation is suggested with the lower middle part of the Quatsino Formation on Iron River, 24 miles to the southwest. Basalt flows and pillowed volcanics west of Open Bay are correlated with the Texada Formation within the Karmutsen Group.The predominant folding is shown to precede, accompany, and follow intrusion of numerous andesitic pods and to precede emplacement of quartz diorite of the batholith. Structural asymmetry is shown to have originated through gentle cross-folding and emplacement of minor intrusives during deformation.

“Boil them Hearts”

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-74
Author(s):  
Jason Redden
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Theoretical Inquiry ◽  
Critical Exploration ◽  
Coastal British Columbia ◽  
Academic Study

This paper addresses the academic conversation on Protestant missions to the Indigenous peoples of coastal British Columbia during the second half of the nineteenth century through a consideration of the role of revivalist piety in the conversion of some of the better known Indigenous Methodist evangelists identified in the scholarly literature. The paper introduces the work of existing scholars critically illuminating the reasons (religious convergence and/or the want of symbolic and material resources) typically given for Indigenous, namely, Ts’msyen, conversion. It also introduces Methodist revivalist piety and its instantiation in British Columbia. And, finally, it offers a critical exploration of revivalist piety and its role in conversion as set within a broader theoretical inquiry into the academic study of ritual and religion.

STUDIES IN FOREST PATHOLOGY: VII. DECAY IN WESTERN HEMLOCK AND FIR IN THE FRANKLIN RIVER AREA, BRITISH COLUMBIA

1949 ◽  
Vol 27c (6) ◽  
pp. 312-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Buckland ◽  
R. E. Foster ◽  
V. J. Nordin
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Forest Pathology ◽  
Abies Amabilis ◽  
Armillaria Mellea ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Juan De Fuca

An investigation of decay in western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and fir (mainly Abies amabilis (Loud.) Forb.) in the Juan de Fuca forest region of British Columbia has shown that the major organisms causing root and butt rots are the same in both species. These are Poria subacida (Peck) Sacc., Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke., Armillaria mellea Vahl ex Fr., Polyporus sulphureus Bull. ex Fr., and P. circinatus Fr. Those organisms causing trunk rots of western hemlock, in decreasing order of importance, are Fomes pinicola (Sw.) Cke., F. Pini (Thore) Lloyd, Stereum abietinum Pers., Fomes Hartigii (Allesch.) Sacc. and Trav., and Hydnum sp. (H. abietis). These same organisms causing trunk rots of fir, in decreasing order of importance, are Fomes pinicola, Stereum abietinum, Hydnum sp. (H. abietis), Fomes Pini, and Fomes Hartigii. The logs of 963 western hemlock were analyzed in detail. Maximum periodic volume increment was reached between 225 and 275 years of age. Maximum periodic volume increment was reached between 275 and 325 years of age in the 719 fir that were analyzed. Scars were the most frequent avenue of entrance for infection. In 59% of the cases of infection studied the fungus had entered through wounds.

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