scholarly journals ТЄРИЙН САНХҮҮГИЙН БОДЛОГЫН ХЭРЭГЖИЛТ, ҮР ДҮН

2011 ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Д. Оюунцэцэг
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
National Development ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Knowledge Based Economy ◽  
Per Capita

Зах зээлийн харилцаанд шилжин орсноос хойшхи сүүлийн 20 гаруй жилийн хугацаанд эдийн засаг нийгмийн хєгжилд олсон ололт амжилт дээрээ тулгуурлан МУ-ын засгийн газраас “МУ-ын мянганы хєгжлийн зорилтод суурилсан үндэсний хєгжлийн цогц бодлого”-ыг 2008 онд боловсруулан гаргасан билээ. Энэхүү баримт бичигт тодорхойлсноор “Эдийн засгийн бодлогын гол зорилт нь 2007-2015 онд “Мянганы хєгжлийн зорилтуудыг хэрэгжүүлж, эдийн засгийн єсєлтийг жилд 14 хувьд, нэг хүнд ногдох дотоодын нийт бүтээгдэхүүнийг 5 мянгаас доошгүй ам.долларт хүргэж эдийн засгийн эрчимтэй хєгжлийн үндэс суурийг тавих, 2016-2021 онд эдийн засгийн єсєлтийг жилд дунджаар 12-оос доошгүй хувь байлгаж, мэдлэгт суурилсан эдийн засгийг тєлєвшүүлэн хєгжүүлж, нэг хүнд ногдох дотоодын нийт бүтээгдэхүүнийг 12 мянгаас доошгүй ам.доллар болгож, дэлхийн дундаж орлоготой орнуудын эгнээнд орох эдийн засгийн чадамж, нєєц боломжийг бүрдүүлэхэд оршино”[2] гэж заажээ. Эдгээр зорилтыг хэрэгжүүлэхэд улс орны эдийн засгийн нєєц бололцооноос гадна тєрєєс авч явуулах санхүүгийн бодлого, тэр дундаа тєсвийн бодлого гол үүрэгтэй. Иймээс Монгол улсын эдийн засгийн хєгжлийн єнєєгийн байдлыг судлан шинжилж, тухайн нєхцєлд тохирсон тєсєв санхүүгийн бодлогын зорилго, чиглэлийг тодорхойлоход судлаачийн зүгээс хувь нэмэр оруулах зорилго тавьсан юм.   Based on the economic development success gained from the past 20 years during the transition to market economy, Mongolian government approved the “Millennium Development Goals - Based Comprehensive National Development Strategy of Mongolia” in 2008. In this document it determined that “The main goal of the economic policy is, in 2007-2015, to achieve MDGs, reach an average an­nual economic growth of 14 percent, increase GDP per capita to at least 5,000 USD, and establish the basis for intensive economic development; in 2016-2021, to increase average annual economic growth to at least 12%, customize and develop knowledge-based economy, increase GDP per capita to a minimum of 12,000 USD, create economic capacity and resources to reach the level of world’s middle income countries.”[1] The implementation of this plan has already begun. For example: in the 2009 forecast the Mongolian agriculture will increase 30% from previous year. But the economic growth is dependent on few sectors and its structure is inappropriate and due to unstable economy it is vulnerable to external factors. Energy supplement is unreliable, infrastructure development is poor, government expenditure is high, domestic market capacity is low, lim­ited finance and currency reserves show that economic development is poor. For example: in the 2009 forecast the Mongolian GDP is 6130325.5* million tugrug decreasing 1,6% from previous year. Also the recent global financial deepened downturn is becoming economical and affecting our economy. Due to the current situation in Mongolia and the set economic goals there is a strong need to evaluate and direct the current govern­ment financial strategy, especially the budget policy and to better its implementation. Therefore as a Mongolian economist’s input, I made it my goal to study Mongolian current economic stance and to develop financial strategic goal and direction that would fit the current situation.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v0i1.57 Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 2010 No.1 pp.39-47

scholarly journals The influence of demographic factors on the economic development of the Azerbaijan: the interconnection problem

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saleh Nagiyev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
World Population ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Demographic factors have sometimes occupied center-stage in the discussion of the sources of economic growth. In the 18th century, Thomas Malthus made the pessimistic forecast that GDP growth per capita would fall due to a continued rapid increase in world population. There is a straightforward accounting relationship when identifying the sources of economic growth: Growth Rate of GDP = Growth Rate of Population + Growth Rate of GDP per capita, where GDP per capita is simply GDP divided by population. This article examines the interconnection between economic development and the demographic policy of Azerbaijan. The article analyzes various approaches of the impact of demographic factors on the economic development of a country. The following demographic factors have been identified and described as significant for the economic development: fertility dynamics, mortality dynamics, population size and gender and age structure.

SOME DETERMINANTS AND MECHANICS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES: THE ROLE OF ICT INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, TAXATION AND OTHER MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
RUDRA P. PRADHAN ◽  
MAK B. ARVIN ◽  
MAHENDHIRAN NAIR ◽  
SARA E. BENNETT ◽  
SAHAR BAHMANI
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Ict Infrastructure

This study examines key factors in the economic growth of middle-income countries over the period 1970–2017. The variables considered are ICT infrastructure development, taxation revenue, government expenditure, gross capital formation, foreign direct investment, and inflation. This study considers interlinkages between the macroeconomic variables noted above. The purpose of this study is to determine: (1) if there is causality between the variables and (2) the direction of any causality. Using a panel vector error-correction model, we find both short-run and long-run relationships between the variables. In each specification, we find that ICT infrastructure development, taxation revenue and the four macroeconomic variables all stimulate economic growth in the long run. This suggests that policymakers should curate an integrated and holistic policy framework pertaining to taxation, ICT infrastructure development and other macroeconomic policies to create a vibrant national economic ecosystem that would ensure the sustained economic growth of middle-income countries.

Energy consumption and economic development in Guangdong, China: Distribution, relationship and causes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengmeng Hu ◽  
Yafei Wang ◽  
Beicheng Xia ◽  
Guohe Huang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Pearl River ◽  
Panel Vector Autoregression

Abstract Analysing the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is essential to achieve the goal of sustainable development. We employ hot spot analysis to discover the spatial agglomeration of GDP per capita and energy intensity in Guangdong, China, from 2005–2018. Furthermore, panel vector autoregression coupled with a system generalized method of moments is performed to examine the dynamic causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth under the framework of the Cobb-Douglas production function. Using a multivariate model and grouped studies based on the differences in regional economic development, we show that the GDP per capita of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) is significantly higher than that of the peripheral municipalities. However, energy intensity shows an entirely different spatial distribution. The development of the regional economy depends on its own “assembling effect”. GDP explains approximately 68.3% of the total variation in energy consumption in the PRD and only approximately 34.5% of that in the peripheral municipalities. We do not confirm Granger causality between energy consumption and economic development. Guangdong can decrease its energy consumption growth without substantially sacrificing its economic growth. The analysis framework of this paper has significant implications for regions in balancing economic development and energy consumption.

Tests of a more comprehensive model of economic growth in lower middle-income countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minh Quang Dao
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Government Consumption ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Per Capita

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically test a more comprehensive model of economic growth using a sample of 28 lower middle-income developing countries. Design/methodology/approach The authors modify the conventional neoclassical growth model to account for the impact of the increase in the number of people working relative to the total population and that of the increase in the value added per worker over time. The authors then extend this model by incorporating the role of trade, government consumption, and human capital in output growth. Findings Regression results show that over three quarters of cross-lower middle-income country variations in per capita GDP growth rate can be explained by per capita growth in the share of public expenditures on education in the GDP, per capita growth in the share of government consumption in the GDP, per capita growth in the share of imports in the GDP, per capita growth in the share of manufactured exports in the GDP (not of that of total exports in the GDP), and the growth of the working population relative to the total population. Practical implications Statistical results of such empirical examination will assist governments in these countries identify policy fundamentals that are essential for economic growth. Originality/value To address the simultaneity bias, the authors develop a simultaneous equations model and are able to show that such model is more robust and helps explains cross-country variations in per capita GDP growth over the 2000-2014 period.

Why Isn't Wales Richer?

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Brand ◽  
Stephen Hill ◽  
Max Munday ◽  
Annette Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Regional Development Strategy ◽  
Main Indicator ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Manufacturing Growth

This paper examines the extent to which economic changes in Wales during the 1980s and early 1990s have impacted upon the main indicator of regional prosperity (GDP per head). The paper shows that the economic "successes" of Wales, in terms of inward investment attraction, infrastructure development and manufacturing growth, are yet to be translated into sustained improvements in relative GDP per capita. The general implications of the Welsh case for regional development strategy are examined in the conclusions.

scholarly journals Has Albania's Economic Development Stalled? Investigating the Role of Institutional Factors in Albania's Economic Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Myslym Osmani ◽  
Kledi Kodra ◽  
Drini Salko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Per Capita

This study focuses on the institutional factors of Albania's economic development, from a comparative, dynamic, and regional European perspective. We use longitudinal data for the years 2002, 2014, and 2019 and a small selection of 13 countries in the region and some EU member states. Descriptive statistics, graphical representation, and econometric modeling are used for data analysis. The purpose of the study is to discuss, in real and comparative terms with the region and beyond, the economic growth of Albania based on the GDP per capita indicator, as well as to identify and evaluate dynamically the role of institutions in the country's development through important institutional factors, such as the effectiveness of government, rule of law, corruption, etc. The analysis shows that Albania's economic performance is weakover the last two decades. This is reflected in the insufficient relative growth of GDP per capita, the small increase in per capita income, and especially in the low increase in income for every 1% of relative growth. In these indicators, Albania continues to be consistently in the lowest positions in the region and beyond. The study highlights the strong link between economic growth and the effectiveness of government, the rule of law, and weak control over corruption. Improving corruption control by one unit in the range (-2.5 to 2.5) is expected to improve GDP per capita by an average of about 2.2 times. Improving the rule of law by one point is expected to improve GDP per capita on average by about 2.4 times. The country's sluggish economic performance is mainly attributed to weak institutions.   Received: 4 March 2021 / Accepted: 6 May 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021

scholarly journals The Nexus between Education and Economic Growth: Analyzing Empirically a Case of Middle-Income Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-60
Author(s):  
Lamia Jamel ◽  
Monia Ben Ltaifa ◽  
Ahmed K Elnagar ◽  
Abdelkader Derbali ◽  
Ali Lamouchi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this paper is to examine empirically the nexus between education accumulation and economic growth for a sample of middle-income countries through panel data regressions. The sample consists of 28 middle-income countries from various continents: North Africa and the Middle East (6 countries), sub-Saharan Africa (7 countries), Latin America and the Caribbean (8 countries), East Asia and the Pacific (3 countries), and Europe and Central Asia (4 countries). Education is measured by quantitative (average years of labour force study) and qualitative indicators (student scores on international assessments of educational achievements). To test the impact of education accumulation on GDP per capita growth, a static panel is used during the period of study from 1970 to 2014. A dynamic panel is also being developed to estimate the effect of the education stock on the growth rate of GDP per capita. The results confirm the positive and significant impact of the education quantity and quality on economic growth, both in level and variation. The stock of education and its increase are positively affecting the growth. Moreover, this paper’s original findings suggest that the quality of education is more significant than its quantity.

scholarly journals Causality relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. Case G-8

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (111) ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
Victor Quinde Rosales ◽  
Rina Bucaram Leverone ◽  
Martha Bueno Quinonez ◽  
Michelle Saldana Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
New York ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Quarterly Journal ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Environment And Development

This article is an inductive argumentation and an empirical-analytical paradigm that evaluates the actual relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and the Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in country groups of the G8 considered as developed in a period of time from 1960 to 2011. It was developed an Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root (ADF), a Granger Causality Test and a Johansen Cointegration test. The results evidence the non-stationary of constrains in both countries. It was obtained a VAR model with two variables with a number of lags of four - VAR2 (4) to which were tested for causality by demonstrating a unidirectionality of GDP per capita to CO2. Keywords: economic growth, economic development, income distribution, environmental economics. References [1]G. Brundtland, «Our Common Future,» de Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development , 1987. [2]R. Bermejo, Del desarrollo sostenible según Brundtland a la sostenibilidad como biomimesis, Bilbao: Hegoa, 2014. [3]R. B. and. P. C. Fander Falconí, «Flacso,» 16 03 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.flacsoandes.edu.ec/agora/62767-la-discutible-curva-de-kuznets. [Last access: 15 01 2021]. [4]E. Urteaga, «Las teorías económicas del desarrollo sostenible,» Cuadernos de Economía, vol. 32, nº 89, pp. 113-162, 2009. [5]V. K. Smith, Scarcity and Growth Reconsidered, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1979. [6]J. y. A. Medina, «Ingreso y desigualdad: la Hipótesis de Kuznets en el caso boliviano,» Espacios, vol. 38, nº31, p. 23, 2017. [7]M. Ahluwalia, «Inequality, poverty and development, » Journal of Development Economics, nº 3, pp. 307-342, 1976. [8]A. and R. D. Alesina, «Distributive politics and economic growth,» Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 109, nº 2, pp. 465-490, 1994. [9]R. Barro, «Inequality and growth in a panel of countries, » Journal of Economic Growth, vol. 5, nº 1, pp. 5-32, 2000. [10]M. A. Galindo, «Distribución de la renta y crecimiento económico,» de Anuario jurídico y económico escurialense, 2002, pp. 473-502. [11]A. Álvarez, «Distribución de la renta y crecimiento económico, Información Comercial Española, ICE,» Revista de economía, nº 835, pp. 95-100, 2007. [12]J. C. Núñez, «Crecimiento económico y distribución del ingreso: una perspectiva del Paraguay,» Población y Desarrollo, nº 43, pp. 54-61, 2016. [13]S. Kuznets, «Economic Growth and Income Inequality, » American Economic Review, nº 45, pp. 1-28, 1955. [14]J. A. and. C. J. Araujo, «Relación entre la desigualdad de la renta y el crecimiento económico en Brasil: 1995-2012.,» Problemas del desarrollo, vol. 46, nº 180, pp.129-150, 2015. [15]F. V. A. and P. C. Correa, «La Curva Medioambiental de Kuznets: Evidencia Empírica para Colombia Grupo de Economía Ambiental (GEA),» Semestre Económico, vol. 8, nº 15, pp. 13-30, 2005. [16]W. Malenbaum, World Demand for Raw Materials in 1985 and 2000, McGraw-Hill: New York, 1978. [17]W. Beckerman, «Economists, scientists, and environmental catastrophe,» Oxford Economic Papers, vol. 24, nº 3, 1972. [18]G. y. K. A. Grossman, «Economic Growth and the Environment,» The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 110, nº 2, pp. 353-377, 1995. [19]N. Stokey, «Are there Limits to Growth?,» International Economic Review, vol. 39, nº 1, 1998. [20]W. and. C. W. Jaeger, «A Theoretical Basis for the Environmental Inverted-U Curve and Implications for International Trade,» de Discussant: Clive Chapple, New York, 1998. [21]T. B. K. B. R. and. G. K. Cavlovic, «A Mets-Analysis of Environmental Kuznets Curve Studies,» Agricultural and Resource Economics, nº 29, pp. 32-42, 2000. [22]M. and. S. T. Heil, «Carbon emissions and economic development: future trajectories based on historical experience, » Environment and Development Economics, vol. 6, nº 1, pp. 63-83, 2001. [23]U. S. R. and E. B. Soytas, «Energy consumption, income, and carbon emissions in the United States,» Ecological Economics, vol. 62, nº 3, pp. 482-489, 2007.[24]C. W. J. Granger, «Investigating causal relations by econometrics models and cross spectral methods,» Econometrica, nº 37, pp. 424-438, 1969. [25]M. and U. R. Nasir, «Environmental Kuznets Curve for carbon emissions in Pakistan: An empirical investigation,» Energy Policy, vol. 39, nº 3, pp. 1857-1864,2011. [26]S. Johansen, «Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors,» Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, vol. 12, nº 2, pp. 231-254, 1988. [27]B. Goldman, «Meta-Analysis of Environmental Kuznets Curve Studies: Determining the Cause of the Curve’s Presence,» de Honors Projects, 2012. [28] M. B.  and T. T. Fosten, «Dynamic misspecification in the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from CO2 and SO2 emissions in the United Kingdom,» Ecological Economics, vol. 76, pp. 25-33, 2012.  

scholarly journals PRODUCING OR PLAYING? INVESTIGATING INTERNET INFLUENCE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 247-252
Author(s):  
Łukasz Konopielko ◽  
Oleksandr Demchenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Internet Usage ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Trade In Services ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Per Capita

This paper is focused on determining the effects of increase in the Internet usage on economic development of two groups of countries: OECD and NON-OECD countries. Two separate Vector Autoregression models were used. The hypotheses were inspired by claims that GDP per capita and trade, including trade in services, have a positive correlation with Internet usage growth. The hypotheses were tested on a set of 26 OECD and 21 NON-OECD countries for a period of 20 years, from 1995 to 2015. Results of the paper do not confirm the existence of a direct positive correlation between GDP per capita and Internet users. For all countries, a direct comparison of the chosen variables show a negative correlation. For OECD countries, trade in services has a positive correlation with Internet usage growth, while for NON-OECD countries both trade and trade in services showed a positive correlation with Internet usage growth.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Development of Entrepreneurship in the Republic of Serbia with a Special Focus on Female Entrepreneurship

JWEE ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Snežana Radukić ◽  
Jelena Petrović
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Transition Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Entrepreneurship Development ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

Entrepreneurship is a significant factor of the economic development of developed and transition countries. In the literature, special attention is paid to the entrepreneurship development and its impact on the economic growth and economic development of the transition countries. However, insufficient attention is paid to economic growth as a factor of the entrepreneurship development in transition countries. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the impact of economic growth on the entrepreneurship development in the Republic of Serbia and its regions. The results indicated that there is a statistically significant negative correlation between the gross domestic product (GDP) and the number of entrepreneurs as well as between GDP per capita and the number of entrepreneurs in the Republic of Serbia. Also, the results indicated that GDP per capita has a significant impact on the development of female entrepreneurship in the Republic of Serbia.

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