scholarly journals The influence of demographic factors on the economic development of the Azerbaijan: the interconnection problem

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saleh Nagiyev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
World Population ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Demographic factors have sometimes occupied center-stage in the discussion of the sources of economic growth. In the 18th century, Thomas Malthus made the pessimistic forecast that GDP growth per capita would fall due to a continued rapid increase in world population. There is a straightforward accounting relationship when identifying the sources of economic growth: Growth Rate of GDP = Growth Rate of Population + Growth Rate of GDP per capita, where GDP per capita is simply GDP divided by population. This article examines the interconnection between economic development and the demographic policy of Azerbaijan. The article analyzes various approaches of the impact of demographic factors on the economic development of a country. The following demographic factors have been identified and described as significant for the economic development: fertility dynamics, mortality dynamics, population size and gender and age structure.

scholarly journals The Evolution of Economic Activity in the Rural Area of Region 2 South - East

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 01007
Author(s):  
Daniela – Lavinia Balasan ◽  
Dragoş Horia Buhociu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Economic Growth Rate ◽  
Current State ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

When we talk about economic development, we can refer to improve the standard of living and the prosperity of the population. This is due by increasing per capita income. In order to analyze economic activity, severe indicators must be studied, namely productivity, economic growth rate, labour force share, gross domestic product. In order to carry out as accurate an analysis as possible, it is required to discover the bottlenecks and problems that Region 2 South East makes and to develop a set of reservations and indications leading to the reduction and, why not, the removal of negative aspects. The main purpose of this work is to achieve a strategic plan by studying the current state and the impact of the economic system in recent times in all its forms, with a view to the development of the countryside of Region 2 South – East. I set out to create a website based on the advice of small rural entrepreneurs that evolves gathering information in realistically identifying all the strengths and concentrating them in the region’s potential innovation.

scholarly journals China’s Provincial Vehicle Ownership Forecast and Analysis of the Causes Influencing the Trend

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 3928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Ma ◽  
Manhua Wu ◽  
Xiujuan Tian ◽  
Guanheng Zheng ◽  
Qinchuan Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gompertz Model ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Transport Problems ◽  
The Impact

The growth of vehicle ownership not only brings opportunity for the economy, but also brings environment and transport problems, which is not good for sustainable transportation. It is of great significance to build supporting infrastructure and other services based on accurate forecasts of vehicle ownership in various provinces because of the variance of economic development stages, the carrying capacity of resources, and different degrees of transport planning in each province. We used the Gompertz model in order to predict China’s provincial vehicle ownership from 2018 to 2050. Considering the impact of the population structure, we summed up the growth rate of GDP per labor, the growth rate of population and the growth rate of employment rate to get the growth rate of GDP and then the GDP per capita of each province. We found that the vehicle ownership in each province will grow rapidly in the next 30 years; however, the change in the ranking of vehicle ownership among provinces varies. The ranking of some provinces with high or middle ranking now will decline in the following years, especially Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Xinjiang. While the ranking of some provinces that locates in the middle and low ranking now will increase, such as Chongqing, Hubei, Anhui, Sichuan, Heilongjiang, Jiangxi, Hunan and Guangxi. We also investigate the reasons that affect the trend in each province and we find that the suitable vehicle growth pattern of each province, the stage of economic development and government policy, which are related to the growth rate of GDP per labor, employment rate, and GDP per capita, can affect vehicle ownership in the future.

scholarly journals TERMS OF TRADE AND INDUSTRIALIZATION: REALITIES IN UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Olena Bazhenova ◽  
Ihor Chornodid
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

he paper explores the impact of terms of trade on the industrialization and economic growth in Ukraine due to significant vulnerability of national economy to foreign economic shocks, its openness and mainly commodity structure of exports. In this research we have chosen manufacturing value added as percent in GDP to identify periods of industrialization, as its growth corresponds to periods of accelerated industrial development and vice versa. Also we considered GDP per capita as indicator of national economy’s performance. The changes in terms of trade were investigated based on the analysis of terms of trade adjustments, which are determined by the ability to import goods and services minus exports at constant prices. As an empirical research tool vector autoregressive models have been chosen to explore the relationship between endogenous and exogenous variables in dynamics. Thus, the endogenous variables in the model are the annual growth rate of GDP per capita, manufacturing value added and terms of trade adjustments in 1991-2018. Therefore, the first-order vector autoregression model was constructed to examine this relationship. According to the results of research, acceleration of terms of trade adjustments growth rate (deterioration of terms of trade) in Ukraine leads to fluctuations in the manufacturing value added growth with an increase of almost 3% in the second period and further declining. It indicates an increase in industrial production in response to the deterioration of terms of trade in the short run and possible intensification of innovative economic growth triggers. Fluctuations in manufacturing value added account for from almost 7% to 14% in fluctuations of GDP per capita growth. In turn, fluctuations in terms of trade adjustments account for only from 3% to almost 5%. At the same time, fluctuations in manufacturing value added from 8% to 13% are explained by fluctuations in terms of trade adjustments.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Development of Entrepreneurship in the Republic of Serbia with a Special Focus on Female Entrepreneurship

JWEE ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Snežana Radukić ◽  
Jelena Petrović
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Transition Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Entrepreneurship Development ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

Entrepreneurship is a significant factor of the economic development of developed and transition countries. In the literature, special attention is paid to the entrepreneurship development and its impact on the economic growth and economic development of the transition countries. However, insufficient attention is paid to economic growth as a factor of the entrepreneurship development in transition countries. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the impact of economic growth on the entrepreneurship development in the Republic of Serbia and its regions. The results indicated that there is a statistically significant negative correlation between the gross domestic product (GDP) and the number of entrepreneurs as well as between GDP per capita and the number of entrepreneurs in the Republic of Serbia. Also, the results indicated that GDP per capita has a significant impact on the development of female entrepreneurship in the Republic of Serbia.

scholarly journals The Adverse Impact of Air Pollution on China’s Economic Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 9056
Author(s):  
Daxin Dong ◽  
Boyang Xu ◽  
Ning Shen ◽  
Qian He
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Instrumental Variables Estimation ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

This study empirically evaluates the impact of air pollution on China’s economic growth, based on a province-level sample for the period 2002–2017. Air pollution is measured by the concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and economic growth is measured by the annual growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. A panel data fixed-effects regression model is built, and the instrumental variables estimation method is utilized for quantitative analyses. The study reports a significant negative impact of air pollution on the macroeconomic growth of China. According to our instrumental variables estimation, holding other factors constant, if the concentration of PM2.5 increases by 1%, then the GDP per capita growth rate will decline by 0.05818 percentage points. In addition, it is found that the adverse effect of atmospheric pollution is heterogeneous across different regions. The effect is stronger in the eastern region and in provinces with smaller state-owned enterprise shares, fewer governmental expenditures for public health services, and fewer medical resources. The study results reveal that air pollution poses a substantial threat to the sustainable economic growth of China. Taking actions to abate air pollution will generate great economic benefits, especially for those regions which are heavily damaged by pollution.

scholarly journals Changes of inward and outward FDI stocks in Poland and the stage of the investment development path

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-60
Author(s):  
Aneta Kosztowniak
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Outward Fdi ◽  
Development Path ◽  
Per Capita

The aim of the paper is to analyze changes of inward and outward foreign direct investments (FDI) stocks in Poland in the years 1994–2016 in the field of the theory of J. H. Dunning`s investment development path (IDP). The following research hypothesis was adopted: If a persistent reduction of net outward FDI stock (NOI) to 0 is accompanied by economic growth (GDP growth, GDP per capita, structural changes in the economy), then it will be possible to achieve stage 3 of the IDP.The results of empirical research indicate that the changes of NOI accompanying economic development in 1994–2016 were insufficient to confirm full advancement of IDP stage 3 in Poland. We do not observe a definite change in the NOI and economic development stage from stage 2 to 3. Nevertheless, we can support that some changes occur that prove that the economy is at the beginning of stage 3, as the following symptoms are observed: a drop in the levels of NOI, NOI per capita and an increase in the outward performance index (OPI). Considering that stages 1 and 2 continued nearly for 10 years each, the confirmation of stage 3 is likely after 2022. Then we will have empirical data for the period 2013–2022.

scholarly journals The Impact of Public Debt on Economic Growth in Ukraine

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Iryna Kondrat ◽  
Olena Pozniakova ◽  
Oksana Chervinska
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
The State ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
The Public ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

<p><strong>Theoretical background:</strong> The growth in government borrowing, carried out in connection with the banks’ capitalisation, significantly increased the state budget expenditures aimed at servicing the capitalisation domestic public debt, which reinforces the general tendency regarding the exacerbation of the budget risk in the debt sphere in Ukraine. A weighty debt-creating factor was the budget deficit, which was covered by borrowing. Proceeding ahead of the rate of increase in debt volumes in comparison with gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates under the influence of internal and external destabilising factors contributed to the excess of the debt levels security indicators and increased the insolvency risk of the state. The increase of the obligations share denominated in foreign currency or linked to the exchange rate in the overall debt structure as an important indicator of the financial system’s vulnerability to exchange rate fluctuations creates additional threats to debt sustainability regarding the increasing currency risk and the national currency devaluation.</p><p><strong>Purpose of the article:</strong> The article is focused on studying the dynamics and structure of Ukraine’s public debt, its ratio to GDP, and an empirical analysis of the relationship between public debt (external and domestic) and economic growth in Ukraine.</p><p><strong>Research methods:</strong> To empirically test the relationship between public debt and economic growth in Ukraine over the 1992 to 2018 period, multiple regression models were conducted. A real GDP per capita was used as an indicator for economic growth and the debt-to-GDP ratio was used as an index of public debt. Research hypotheses were the following: H1: The public external debt-to-GDP ratio and GDP per capita have a strong negative and statistically relevant correlation; H2: The public domestic debt-to-GDP ratio and GDP per capita have a strong negative and statistically relevant correlation.</p><p><strong>Main findings:</strong> Examining the dynamics and structure of Ukraine’s public debt by borrowing market (external and domestic), it is concluded that there is no strong negative or positive statistically relevant correlation between the public debt-to-GDP ratio and GDP per capita for Ukraine. The impact of this factor is so insignificant that it encourages further research to verify that low GDP growth rate causes the increase in Ukraine’s public debt.</p>

US Economic Growth: Trends and Factors

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-39
Author(s):  
V. Varnavskii
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Labor Productivity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
The Us ◽  
Per Capita

The article considers the main trends and factors of US economic growth. Economic and technological reasons for slowdown of US Gross Domestic Product (GDP), GDP per capita and productivity are discussed. The author focuses on the estimates of key macroeconomic indicators published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics and other government agencies for analyzing historical growth and identifying factors contributions. Also, the article discusses points of view on the potential factors for continued economic growth in the future, including the statistics and calculations of the American economists. It is shown that the United States is nowadays facing fundamental problems of productivity, not just a cyclical downturn. A number of disturbing tendencies in the US economy, such as negative trends in both labor productivity and multifactor productivity (MFP) emerged well before the economic and financial crises of 2008 (Great Recession). As the author note, the US has entered into a period of relatively low GDP growth rate in comparison with 1990 – early 2000s. A reduction also occurred in the growth rate of GDP per capita, labor productivity and other indicators. Special attention is addressed to the roles of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Since mid-1990 the large-scale investments into the ICT provided a great portion of US economic growth and productivity. However, in the last 10 years the contribution of ICT to productivity growth noticeably reduced from its maximum value in 1995–2004. Nonetheless, it remains sizable and still contributes about one-fifth of the GDP growth and more than 40% of the growth in labor productivity. The author’s general conclusion is that, despite the existing problems in economic growth, United States remains the world’s most productive economy and the largest market for ICT goods and services. This is likely to continue encouraging the nation’s economic growth and productivity, although at a slower pace.

scholarly journals Educación superior y crecimiento económico en Colombia (1971-2016): una relación de cointegración.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brayan Alexander Baron Ortegon
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Vec Model ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

This article analyzes the relation between GDP per capita (CPIBpc) and access to tertiary education, seen from the perspective of growth rate of the number of enrollments (TCMes) in higher education in Colombia for the period (1971-2016). By using a VEC model and assuming everything else constant, it is concluded that TCMes Granger caused the Colombian GDP per capita and vice-versa, therefore, the existence of a long run relation between both variables is verified. This result helps to explain the dynamics of Colombian economic growth per capita of the last forty-five years and the impact of the accumulation of human capital on it.

scholarly journals Examining GDP Growth and Its Volatility: An Episodic Approach

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 890
Author(s):  
Jakub Bartak ◽  
Łukasz Jabłoński ◽  
Agnieszka Jastrzębska
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Per Capita

In this paper, we study economic growth and its volatility from an episodic perspective. We first demonstrate the ability of the genetic algorithm to detect shifts in the volatility and levels of a given time series. Having shown that it works well, we then use it to detect structural breaks that segment the GDP per capita time series into episodes characterized by different means and volatility of growth rates. We further investigate whether a volatile economy is likely to grow more slowly and analyze the determinants of high/low growth with high/low volatility patterns. The main results indicate a negative relationship between volatility and growth. Moreover, the results suggest that international trade simultaneously promotes growth and increases volatility, human capital promotes growth and stability, and financial development reduces volatility and negatively correlates with growth.

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