scholarly journals Biodiversity of weed communities in common wheat and spelt following various forecrops

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Wanic ◽  
Mariola Parzonka ◽  
Dariusz Załuski
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wiener Index ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Spelt Wheat ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Heading Stage

Environmentally-friendly solutions are increasingly often applied in crop cultivation technologies. These include, among others, the return of old crops (e.g., spelt wheat) and crop rotation. Ensuring a proper forecrop is essential, especially in the cultivation of winter wheat, which is susceptible to infestation by weeds. However, there is only sparse information on infestation by weeds in the cultivation of winter spelt. In this study, it was assumed that this crop is invaded by weeds to a lesser extent than wheat, especially after unfavorable forecrops. The study was based on a field experiment conducted in the east part of Poland. The aim was to compare the weed infestation of common wheat and spelt wheat grown after peas, oilseed rape, and after itself. Analyses of weed infestation were conducted in 2014–2016. The weed species composition and population size were determined as well as their dry weight. The following indices were calculated: index of species richness, Simpson’s domination index, Shannon–Wiener index of species diversity, and Pielou’s index of evenness. The weed infestation of spelt wheat was higher than that of common wheat during the tillering stage. It was similar in both species during the heading stage. The lowest weed infestation in both cereals was observed on a field where peas had grown. Growing after oilseed rape and after themselves contributed to an increase in weed infestation. Biomass of weeds in a field of spelt was similar after all forecrops, unlike that in wheat, where more biomass was observed after oilseed rape and wheat. A greater share of <em>Apera spica-venti</em> and <em>Viola arvensis</em> was observed in common wheat and spelt grown after oilseed rape and after themselves. Weed communities in spelt were more diverse than in wheat. The forecrops did not differentiate the species diversity in either crop.

scholarly journals The effect of tillage system and herbicide application on weed infestation of crops of winter spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta L.) cultivars

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-184
Author(s):  
Sylwia Andruszczak ◽  
Piotr Kraska ◽  
Ewa Kwiecińska-Poppe ◽  
Edward Pałys
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Spelt Wheat ◽  
Galium Aparine ◽  
Previous Crop ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Weed Infestation

<p>Based on a 3-year field experiment conducted on medium heavy mixed rendzina soil, the present study evaluated the effect of chemical plant protection on the species composition, number and air-dry weight of weeds infesting crops of winter spelt wheat cultivars (‘Frankenkorn’, ‘Badengold’, ‘Schwaben- speltz’, and ‘Oberkulmer Rotkorn’) sown under ploughing and ploughless tillage systems. Ploughing tillage involved skim- ming done after harvest of the previous crop and pre-sowing ploughing, while in the ploughless tillage system ploughing was replaced with cultivating. Chemical weed control included the application of the herbicides Mustang 306 SE and Attribut 70 WG. Plots where the herbicides were not used were the control treatment. On average, from 21 to 30 weed species colonised the winter spelt wheat crops compared. <em>Galium aparine </em>and <em>Apera spica-venti </em>occurred in greatest numbers and their percentage in the total number of weeds was estimated at 26–35% and 17–25%, respectively. The cultivar ‘Frankenkorn’ was the least weed-infested. Both the number of weeds in the crop of this cultivar and their above-ground dry weight were lower compared to the other cultivars. The use of reduced tillage significantly increased the air-dry weight of weeds compared to ploughing tillage. Nevertheless, it should be indicated under ploughless tillage conditions the application of chemical crop protection reduced weed biomass by 59% compared to the control treatments without crop protection.</p>

scholarly journals Weed infestation and factors affecting weed incidence in spring cereals in Finland - a multivariate approach

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka Salonen
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Weed Flora ◽  
Weed Infestation

Weed vegetation of spring cereal fields in southern and central Finland was analyzed by ordination methods to provide a community level description of weed populations. Attention was paid particularly to the relative importance of environmental factors affecting weed incidence such as crop management, soil properties and weather conditions. A data set of 33 weed taxa from 252 fields was subjected to both indirect and direct gradient analysis. Indirect ordination was obtained with correspondence analysis (CA), and direct gradient analyses were performed with redundancy analysis (RDA) and with canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) relating environmental factors to the occurrence of weeds. Among several management factors, continuous herbicide use explained best the variation in the species composition of weed flora. Weed vegetation was also associated with soil type, moisture conditions and soil pHH2O. Ordination diagrams visualized the species-environment interactions and detected characteristic weed species for different geographical regions. In addition to ordination analyses of weed flora, the level and structure of weed infestation are described. The density of weeds averaged 170 plants m2 (median=124) and the air-dry weight of weeds 320 kg ha-1 (median=183). The average weed density was the same in different soil types, but the weed biomass was lower in clay soils than in coarse mineral and organic soils

scholarly journals Species diversity of segetal communities in tuber crops and in winter and spring cereals

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
Zofia Rzymowska ◽  
Maria Ługowska ◽  
Janina Skrzyczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Wiener Index ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Dominance Indices ◽  
Tuber Crops

The work presents the results of studies on the diversity of weed communities in tuber crops as well as in winter and spring cereals under similar climatic and soil conditions. We examined overall species abundance in the groups analysed, the average species number per relevé, as well as weed cover of the study area. Additionally, species composition, number of individual species and their biomass were determined. Dominant species in each crop group were distinguished. Species diversity was determined based on the following ecological indices: the Shannon-Wiener index of biodiversity <em>H’</em> and Simpson’s index of dominance <em>C</em>. The indices were computed on the biomass and number-of-species basis. The objective of the work was to compare the structure and diversity of weed communities in the crops studied. The communities analysed differed in all the characteristics examined. Differences were found between biodiversity and dominance indices calculated for individual crop groups, but their significance depended on the method applied to calculate the indices.

scholarly journals Sinapis alba L. weed infestation depending on the seeding rate and N fertilizer dose in the steppe Crimea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye.N. Rostova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Sinapis Alba ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
White Mustard ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Sinapis Alba L ◽  
Weed Infestation

Dense white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) can suppress weeds, however excessive density negatively influences crop yields. The search for the optimal parameters for applying mineral fertilizers and the consumption of seed material will increase the crop yield and will improve its competitive ability. This work aimed to identify the seeding rate and doses of nitrogen fertilization at which white mustard plants can actively suppress weeds without reducing the productivity of the crop. In the course of this research, we established that S. alba sown at a rate of 2, 2.5 and 3 million seeds per ha suppressed the growth and development of weeds as much as possible. On average, in 2017-2019, the dry weight of weeds in the aforementioned variants was the least and reached 57.9; 42.3 and 38.4 g/m2, respectively. Weed species composition and quantitative parameters of weed infestation depended on the weather conditions of the year. The application of nitrogen fertilizer did not affect significantly the weediness of S. alba crops. The optimal density white mustard plant formed at a seeding rate of 2 million units/ha and, on average, for three years of research, the seed yield in this variant was the highest (0.6 t/ha).

Weed species diversity in spring barley varies with crop rotation and tillage, but not with nutrient source

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 798-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Craig Stevenson ◽  
Anne Légère ◽  
Régis R. Simard ◽  
Denis A. Angers ◽  
Denis Pageau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Nutrient Source ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Weed Species Richness

The development of sustainable farming systems depends on our ability to predict and manage the response of weed communities to changes in cropping practices. A study was established at Normandin, Québec, Canada, to investigate the influence of liquid dairy manure and mineral fertilizer, as well as chisel and moldboard plow tillage systems, in a spring barley monoculture and a 3-yr spring barley-forage rotation that included red clover and timothy. Weed species richness (Margalef's DMG), evenness (Shannon's E), and diversity (Shannon's H') were examined in these treatments from 1992 to 1995. Nutrient source had no effect on any of the three diversity indices. Evenness values were extremely low in all years, suggesting dominance of a few weed species in most treatments. Weed species richness and diversity generally were greater in the barley-forage rotation compared with the monoculture. Tillage effects on richness and diversity varied with crop rotation. Margalef's DMGand Shannon's H' were greater in 1993 and 1995, but they were lower in 1994 when chisel was compared with moldboard plowing in the monoculture. In 1994, chickweed density was about five times greater in the chisel-plowed monoculture compared with other treatment combinations of rotation and tillage. In 1995, only one species with a density of six plants m−2occurred in the moldboard-plowed monoculture compared with three to six species and densities of 51 to 832 plants m−2in the other rotation by tillage treatments. Climatic conditions and herbicide use patterns in the different crop rotation treatments may have contributed to the more dynamic nature of weed species diversity in the barley monoculture. Reduced frequency of tillage and herbicide application; management of the forage stands, especially with regard to their termination; and improved soil resource availability likely explained the increased but more stable diversity of the weed communities in the barley-forage rotation.

scholarly journals Biodiversity of segetal weed community in continuous potato cultivated with metribuzin-based weed control

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-57
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Pawlonka ◽  
Katarzyna Rymuza ◽  
Krzysztof Starczewski ◽  
Antoni Bombik
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Experimental Plots ◽  
Segetal Communities

Abstract The objective of the work reported here was to determine the relationship between herbicide rate and the biodiversity of weed communities in potato cultivated in continuous cropping. A seven-year field experiment was conducted to examine the effect of 4 metribuzin rates and an uncontrol on weed infestation in successive years of continuous potato cultivation. The following indices were calculated: the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson’s indices of species diversity and the Simpson’s index of domination. A total of 33 species were recorded in the experimental plots. Echinochoa crus-galli was the dominant species. The most abundant segetal communities were observed in untreated plots. An application of the herbicide reduced the biodiversity of the agrophytocenosis. Cultivation in continuous cropping increased the species number of the weed community in potato. The herbicide and cultivation in continuous cropping did not significantly affect the biodiversity indices but their values, to a great extent, confirmed the trends revealed by the analysis of weed infestation

scholarly journals Biodiversity Of Weed Communities In Organic And Conventional Orchards

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Lisek ◽  
Lidia Sas-Paszt
Keyword(s):  
Source Material ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Phytosociological Relevés ◽  
Synanthropic Flora ◽  
Organic Orchards

AbstractThe aim of the study was to analyze the occurrence of segetal and ruderal weeds in young apple and cherry organic orchards, where weeds under tree canopies were controlled mechanically with a rototiller, and in conventional orchards, where post-emergence herbicides were used. The research material consisted of phytosociological relevés recorded according to the Braun-Blanquet method, in three organic and three conventional orchards, situated near Skierniewice (central Poland), in 2010-2013. On the basis of the collected source material, species composition for the synanthropic flora, as well as phytosociological stability, the cover factor, and weed infestation rate for the analysed species were determined. The total number of the recorded weeds and the average number of weed species in a single relevé were for each of the three organic orchards greater than for the conventional orchards. The organic orchard situated in the same location as the conventional orchard was characterized by a greater biodiversity of flora. Systematic shallow cultivation of the soil, without herbicide treatments, resulted in the proliferation of perennial weeds.

scholarly journals Effects of long-term reduced tillage on weed infestation of pea (Pisum sativum L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Andrzej Woźniak ◽  
Myroslawa Soroka
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pod Development ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Pod Development Stage

The study evaluated weed infestation of pea (<em>Pisum sativum</em> L.) cultivated under conditions of conventional (CT), reduced (RT) and herbicide tillage (HT). It demonstrated the highest weed density per m<sup>2 </sup>in plots with the herbicide (HT) and reduced (RT) systems and significantly lower weed infestation in plots cultivated in the conventional system (CT). In addition, more weeds occurred at the third leaf stage (13/14 in BBCH scale) than at the pod development stage (73/74 BBCH) of pea. The highest biomass was produced by weeds in the herbicide system (HT), a lower one – in the reduced system (RT), and the lowest one – in the conventional system (CT). The air-dry weight of weeds depended also on pea development stage. At the pod development stage (73/74 BBCH), the air-dry weight of weeds was significantly higher than at the third leaf stage (13/14 BBCH). The tillage system was also observed to influence the species composition of weeds. This trait was also affected by the period of weed infestation assessment. At the third leaf stage of pea (13/14 BBCH), there occurred 26 weed species, including 24 annual ones. The most abundant species included: <em>Chenopodium album</em> L., <em>Stellaria media</em> (L.) Vill., <em>Capsella bursa-pastoris</em> (L.) Med., <em>Matricaria inodora</em> L., <em>Thlaspi arvense</em> L., and <em>Fallopia convolvulus</em> (L.) A. Löve. At the pod development stage (73/74 BBCH), the pea crop was colonized by 24 weed species, including 3 perennial ones. At this stage the predominant species included: <em>Avena fatua</em> L., <em>Amaranthus retroflexus</em> L., <em>Papaver rhoeas</em> L., <em>Echinochloa crus-galli</em> (L.) P.B., <em>Matricaria inodora</em> L., and <em>Galeopsis tetrahit</em> L.

scholarly journals Weeds occurrence and importance under distinct intercropping systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 811-819
Author(s):  
G Concenço ◽  
G Ceccon ◽  
F Schwerz ◽  
I.C Fonseca ◽  
L.F Leite
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Control Practice ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Weed Infestation

Intercropping systems involving corn are often subjected to stress caused by weeds, which usually result in 30-70 per cent yield loss when no control practice is applied. This study aimed to assess the composition of weed communities due to soil coverage, at neighboring areas submitted to distinct soil managements. The soil was collected at field and the study was conducted under a greenhouse in three steps: (1) weeds composition and importance within each treatment; (2) comparison between treatments (distinct crop and intercropping managements); (3) infestation in the area as a whole. The weed composition in the short term is influenced by the management of the area, but this shift requires some more years to be reflected at the soil seed bank. Some weed species occur in high densities and even this way they may not be the most serious weed species present in a given field. Just a few species are adapted to a given system of management in a level enough to be a troublesome weed. Areas differed in relation to weed infestation as a function of management adopted and number of years the new management was applied.

scholarly journals Weed occurrence in Finnish coastal regions: a survey of organically cropped spring cereals

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. RIESINGER ◽  
T. HYVÖNEN
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Density ◽  
The South ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Regional Specialization ◽  
Polygonum Aviculare ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Myosotis Arvensis

Weed communities of organically cropped spring cereal stands in the southern and the northwestern coastal regions of Finland (= south and northwest, respectively) were compared with respect to number of species, frequency of occurrence, density and dry weight. Regional specialization of agricultural production along with differences in climate and soil properties were expected to generate differences in weed communities between south and northwest. Total and average numbers of species were higher in the south than in the northwest (33 vs. 26 and 15.6 vs. 10.0, respectively). Some rare species (e.g. Papaver dubium) were found in the south. Fumaria officinalis and Lamium spp. were found only in the south. The densities and dry weights of Lapsana communis, Myosotis arvensis, Polygonum aviculare, Tripleurospermum inodorum and Vicia spp. were higher in the south, while the densities and dry weights of Elymus repens, Persicaria spp. and Spergula arvensis were higher in the northwest. Total density of weeds did not differ between south and northwest (average = 565 vs. 570 shoots m-2, respectively). Total dry weight of weeds was higher in the northwest compared with the south (average = 1594 vs. 697 kg ha-1, respectively), mainly due to the high dry weight of E. repens. The only variable that was dependent on the duration of organic farming was weed density in the south. The abundance of nitrophilous in relation to non-nitrophilous weed species was higher while the abundance of perennial ruderal and grassland weed species was lower compared with previous weed surveys. This can be regarded as the result of increasing cropping intensity on organic farms in Finland. Different weed communities call for the application of specific target-oriented weed management in the respective coastal regions.;

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