Assessing the virulence of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the pine-infesting weevils to scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings

The pine-infesting weevils are known to be effective vectors of ophiostomatoid fungi. To understand more about fungal virulence of these fungi, inoculation studies were conducted on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Two-year-old seedlings were wound-inoculated with one of eleven ophiostomatoid fungi associated with pine-infesting weevils. After 11 weeks, a darkened lesion, extending from the point of inoculation, was observed in all species, except for Ophiostoma cf. abietinum Marm. & Butin, Ophiostoma quercus (Georgev.) Nannf., and Sporothrix inflata de Hoog. Seedling mortality was observed in seedlings inoculated with Leptographium truncatum (M.J. Wingf. & Marasas) M.J. Wingf., Leptographium lundbergii Lagerb. & Melin, Leptographium procerum (W.B. Kendr.) M.J. Wingf., Grosmannia radiaticola (J.J. Kim, Seifert & G.H. Kim) Zipfel, Z.W. de Beer & M.J. Wingf., Ophiostoma floccosum Math.-Käärik, Ophiostoma minus (Hedgc.) Syd. & P. Syd., and Ophiostoma piliferum (Fr.) Syd. & P. Syd. Ophiostoma minus and L. truncatum caused the largest lesions and sapwood blue-stain in Scots pine. Grosmannia radiaticola, Ophiostoma piceae (Münch) Syd. & P. Syd., O. floccosum, O. piliferum, L. lundbergii,and L. procerum produced significantly smaller lesions and sapwood blue-stain than O. minus and L. truncatum, while O. cf. abietinum, O. quercus and S. inflata did not cause any lesions.

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Ophiostomatoid fungi isolated from Pinus radiata logs imported from New Zealand to Korea

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b04-170 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 83 (3) ◽

pp. 272-278 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Gyu-Hyeok Kim ◽

Jae-Jin Kim ◽

Young Woon Lim ◽

Colette Breuil

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Pinus Radiata ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Radiata Pine ◽

Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽

Ophiostoma Piceae ◽

Leptographium Procerum ◽

Native Fungi ◽

Ophiostoma Floccosum ◽

Ophiostoma Piliferum

Ophiostomatoid fungi discolor lumber, logs, and tree sapwood. Stained wood has a lower market value and can be refused by importing customers because such products can potentially carry pathogenic fungi. Little information is available on the ophiostomatoid fungi that colonize Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine) logs imported from New Zealand into Korea. In this work, we attempted to identify the native and non-native fungi colonizing wood imported into Korea. At least 12 species of ophiostomatoid fungi, including an unknown Ophiostoma sp. A, were identified among the fungi-staining radiata pine. They were Leptographium procerum (Kendr.) Wingf., Leptographium bistatum Kim & Kim, Ophiostoma floccosum Mathiesen, Ophiostoma huntii (Rob.) Hoog & Scheff., Ophiostoma ips (Rumbold) Nannf., Ophiostoma nigrocarpum (David.) Hoog, Ophiostoma piceae (Münch) H. & P. Sydow, Ophiostoma piliferum (Fries) H. & P. Sydow, Ophiostoma quercus (Georgév.) Nannf., Ophiostoma radiaticola Kim et al., and Ophiostoma setosum Uzunovic et al. Of these species, O. floccosum was the dominant species in both logs and boards. We confirmed that many of the sapstain species that we isolated have been previously reported in Korea. However, four species, O. radiatcola, O. setosum, O. huntii, and O. nigrocarpum have not been reported previously in Korea. We also found the new species, L. bistatum, along with an unknown Ophiostoma sp. A.Key words: radiata pine, ophiostomatoid fungi, New Zealand, non-native organisms, β-tubulin gene.

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Blue stain development of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l) roundwood and its influencing factors

10.22616/rrd.23.2017.018 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Mareks Millers ◽

Jānis Magaznieks ◽

Zelma Gžibovska

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Influencing Factors ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Blue Stain

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The Resistance of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Half-sib Families to Heterobasidion annosum

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10030287 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 287 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Adas Marčiulynas ◽

Vaida Sirgedaitė-Šėžienė ◽

Povilas Žemaitis ◽

Virgilijus Baliuckas

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Heterobasidion Annosum ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Total Phenolic Compounds ◽

Seedling Mortality ◽

Sib Families

This study observed the genotypic variation among Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) half-sib families’ susceptibility to Heterobasidion annosum. Scots pine susceptibility was tested in 12 half-sib families by inoculating them with four different H. annosum strains. At two, six, and ten months after the inoculations, the susceptibility indicators (incidence rate, pathogen spread, and mortality rate) were compared and the total phenolic compounds (TPC) in the inoculated and control groups determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Among half-sib families, significant differences were found for seedling mortality (range: 1.3%–21.2%); however, the differences in incidence rate (range: 54%–77%) and pathogen spread (range: 24–53 mm) were not significant. The incidence rate among half-sib families correlated positively and significantly (r = 0.72, p < 0.05) with the mortality rate, while the pathogen spread correlated negatively with mortality, although the correlation was not significant (r = −0.29, p > 0.05). The TPC comparison with susceptibility indicators showed that the half-sib families with lower susceptibility were characterized by the ability to increase TPC after inoculation compared to the control group. This tendency was most apparent in stems and roots six and two months after inoculation, respectively. Correlation analyses revealed that higher TPC in stems six months after inoculation determined a lower incidence rate (r = −0.32, p < 0.05), while higher Change in concentration of total phenolic compounds (TPCΔ) indicated a lower pathogen spread (r = −0.60, p < 0.05). The lowest incidence of the pathogen was determined in half-sib families with the highest TPCΔ in the roots two months after inoculation. The lower susceptibility of Scots pine half-sib families is based on a combination of enhanced constitutive and inducible phenolic defense mechanisms. The data may facilitate the selection of Scots pine half-sib families with low susceptibility for breeding programs and forest management strategies.

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Two blue-stain fungi colonizing Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees infested by bark beetles in Slovakia, Central Europe

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-018-0114-6 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 73 (11) ◽

pp. 1053-1066 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katarína Pastirčáková ◽

Katarína Adamčíková ◽

Martin Pastirčák ◽

Peter Zach ◽

Juraj Galko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Central Europe ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Bark Beetles ◽

Blue Stain Fungi ◽

Blue Stain

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ASSOCIATION OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI FOR THE SCOTS PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) WITH THE EUROPEAN PINE WEEVIL HYLOBIUS ABIETIS (L.) (COL. CURCULIONIDAE)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent126929-4 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 126 (4) ◽

pp. 929-936 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

J. Lévieux ◽

D. Piou ◽

P. Cassier ◽

M. André ◽

D. Guillaumin

Keyword(s):

Scots Pine ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽

Infection Process ◽

Contamination Rate ◽

Hylobius Abietis ◽

Pine Weevil ◽

Leptographium Procerum ◽

Ophiostoma Piliferum ◽

Scanning Electron

AbstractIn 1989 and 1990, the contamination rate of the European pine weevil Hylobius abietis (L.) by several pathogenic fungi for the Scots pine was measured [Leptographium procerum (Kendrick) Wingf. — 45% of the specimens; Pachnodium canum (Upadh. and Kendr.) — 14%; or Ophiostoma piliferum (Fries) H. and P. Syd — 3% (Piou 1993)]. To understand the processes of transportation, a detailed study was conducted by scanning electron microscopy. Several types of spores vectored are found mainly in the thoracic cuticular rounded wells located near the sensorial setae. These wells are connected with an epidermal glandular apparatus whose ultrastructural description is given. We question the origin and composition of these secretions which are believed to protect the spores and contribute to the infection process.

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Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with Ips typographus (L.) on Picea abies [(L.) H. Karst.] and Pinus sylvestris L. in north-eastern Poland

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae ◽

10.5586/asbp.2005.043 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 74 (4) ◽

pp. 345-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Robert Jankowiak ◽

Jacek Hilszczański

Keyword(s):

Picea Abies ◽

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Norway Spruce ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Bark Beetle ◽

Ips Typographus ◽

Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽

Spruce Bark Beetle ◽

Spruce Bark ◽

North Eastern

This study dealt with the species distribution and frequency of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the bark beetle Ips typographus on Norway spruce and Scots pine in north-eastern Poland. At all locations high spruce bark beetle damage has occurred in 2002-2003. Fungi were isolated from beetles and from brood systems of trees infested by the spruce bark beetle. The ophiostomatoid fungi were represented by 13 species. A similar spectrum of ophiostomatoid fungi as that recorded from Picea abies was associated with I. typographus on Pinus sylvestris trees. The most frequent ophiostomatoid species isolated from beetles, phloem and sapwood of Norway spruce were O. bicolor and O. penicillatum. The frequency of occurrence of ophiostomatoid fungi varied significantly among the examined locations. O. bicolor was the most frequently found species on Scots pine infested by I. typographus. The potential role of ophiostomatoid fungi in the epidemiology of I. typographus is discussed. Additionally, we also recorded how the ophiostomatoid fungi associated with spruce bark beetle could grow into phloem and sapwood of Pinus sylvestris trees.

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Ophiostomatoid fungi isolated from fallen shoots of Scots pine pruned by Tomicus species in Poland

Acta Mycologica ◽

10.5586/am.2011.013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 201-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert Jankowiak ◽

Mirosław Kolařík

Keyword(s):

Scots Pine ◽

Sequence Comparison ◽

Taxonomic Status ◽

Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽

Low Frequencies ◽

Pine Stands ◽

Ophiostoma Floccosum ◽

Dna Sequence Comparison ◽

Scots Pine Stands ◽

Isolated Species

Ophiostomatoid fungi are known to be associated with Tomicus spp. on Pinus sylvestris. However, very little is actually known about the fungi present in the pine shoots damaged by these insects. The aim of this study was to survey species of Ophiostoma s.lato associated with fallen shoots of Scots pine pruned by Tomicus spp. in Poland. The study was conducted in four pure Scots pine stands in southern and south-western part of the country. Fungi were identified based on morphology and DNA sequence comparison for two gene (the ITS rDNA region and ß–tubulin). In total, 64 isolates obtained, represent seven species of ophiostomatoid fungi, including their asexual states of the genera. Two of them, Ophiostoma sp. 1 and Sporothrix sp. 1 probably represent new taxa. All species were found at very low frequencies. Among them, Ophiostoma minus, Ophiostoma sp. 1 and Sporothrix sp. 1 were the most frequently isolated, with a frequency of 2.0%. Occasionally, isolated species included Leptographium piriforme, Ophiostoma canum, Ophiostoma floccosum and Grosmannia cucullata-like. Association of species of Ophiostoma s. lato with Tomicus spp. and the taxonomic status of two new species are discussed.

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Development of blue stain in mechanically harvested Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) logs during storage

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2019-0112 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 42-50

Author(s):

Grzegorz Szewczyk ◽

Robert Jankowiak ◽

Bartosz Mitka ◽

Piotr Bożek ◽

Piotr Bilański ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Diameter At Breast Height ◽

Breast Height ◽

Age Class ◽

Duration Of Storage ◽

Blue Stain ◽

Microclimatic Conditions ◽

The Mean ◽

The Aesthetic

Blue stain is a type of discoloration that considerably lowers the aesthetic qualities of wood. During harvesting, fungal inoculum finds its way into the wood through places of cutting, delimbing, and damage to the tree stem. The development of peripheral blue stain in the logs of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) due to damage by a harvester head was investigated, using logs felled and delimbed with a chainsaw as reference. The development of blue stain was related to the age class of the stand, the date of felling, and the microclimatic conditions of the wood storage place. The mean surface area of blue stain in logs produced with the harvester was almost 35 cm2, approximately 30% larger than that of the reference logs. In stands of the fourth age class (diameter at breast height 32 cm), the surface of blue stain was more than two times larger than that of stands of the third age class (diameter at breast height 24 cm). The mean area of blue stain in wood stored after spring felling (19.3 cm2) was about 50% of that after summer felling (38.2 cm2). In particular, the development of blue stain in logs obtained with a harvester was visible between weeks 6 and 9 after spring felling and between weeks 3 and 6 after summer felling. For both felling dates, the range of blue stain depended less on air temperature around the wood stack and depended more on the duration of storage.

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Albino Strains of Ophiostoma Species for Biological Control of Sapstaining Fungi

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2003.036 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 237-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

B. W. Held ◽

J. M. Thwaites ◽

R. L. Farrell ◽

R. A. Blanchette

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

New Zealand ◽

Radiata Pine ◽

Field Trials ◽

Wood Chips ◽

Biological Control Potential ◽

Leptographium Procerum ◽

Ophiostoma Floccosum ◽

Ophiostoma Piliferum ◽

Prevalent Species

SummaryAlbino strains ofOphiostoma floccosum,O. piceaeandO. pluriannulatumwere selected and screened for biological control of sapstaining fungi on New Zealand radiata pine (Pinus radiata). Albino strains were obtained through matings and single ascospore isolations from cultures of prevalent species in New Zealand. These strains do not synthesize the melanin-like hyphal pigments of common sapstaining fungi. Additional mating studies were also carried out to obtain isolates ofO. piceaeandO. floccosumthat lacked pigmented fruiting structures. Several albino isolates ofO. piceaewith colorless synnemata and isolates ofO. floccosumwith little to no synnemata were obtained. Biological control potential of the albino isolates was evaluated in the laboratory by challenging them on wood chips with fungi that cause extensive sapstain in pine,Leptographium procerum,Ophiostoma piliferumandSphaeropsis sapinea. Many albino isolates ofO. floccosum,O. piceaeandO. pluriannulatumwere effective in stopping the challenge fungi from staining wood chips and were fast growing and colorless when grown unchallenged on wood chips. Selected albino isolates ofO. pluriannulatumwere used in two field trials in New Zealand to control sapstain. Several strains were found to significantly reduce dark sapstain as compared to the untreated control logs.

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Induction of Defense Responses in Pinus sylvestris Seedlings by Methyl Jasmonate and Response to Heterobasidion annosum and Lophodermium seditiosum Inoculation

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12050628 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 628

Author(s):

Ilze Šņepste ◽

Baiba Krivmane ◽

Vilnis Šķipars ◽

Astra Zaluma ◽

Dainis E. Ruņģis

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Methyl Jasmonate ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Heterobasidion Annosum ◽

Protective Mechanism ◽

Seedling Mortality ◽

Pine Seedlings ◽

Seedling Inoculation

The induction of defense responses in Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was investigated in three experiments. Two different MeJA application methods were tested, and induction of defense responses was assayed by seedling inoculation with Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. and Lophodermium seditiosum Minter, Staley and Millar. In the first experiment, five-year-old P. sylvestris ramets of one clone were directly treated with MeJA, followed by inoculation with H. annosum. In the second experiment, open-pollinated Scots pine seedlings were treated with MeJA by direct spraying and vaporization, and inoculation with H. annosum was done using a slightly modified protocol. In the third experiment, open-pollinated Scots pine seedlings were treated with MeJA by vaporization and inoculated with L. seditiosum. Direct application of MeJA induced seedling mortality, and in some cases, decreased resistance to inoculation with H. annosum. Application of MeJA by vaporization was less stressful for seedlings, and resulted in increased resistance to both H. annosum and L. seditiosum. In addition, an unforeseen Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) and Hylobius abietis L. infestation provided anecdotal evidence of the efficacy of MeJA in inducing resistance to insect pests as well. Further studies are required on the induction of resistance to additional diseases and pests. Induced resistance could be used as a possible protective mechanism for Scots pine seedlings prior to planting during reforestation of stands to increase vitality and survival.

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