The Beginning of the Debate on the Codification of Polish Law after the World War I: The Issue of the Codification Commission Autonomy in the Light of Political Declarations

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 119-134
Author(s):  
Michał Gałędek
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The World ◽  
Subsequent Application ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
Polish Law

The purpose of this article is to analyze the ideological basis of concepts that underpinned the establishment of the Codification Commission by virtue of the Act of 3 June 1919 and to assess its position within the system of authorities of the Second Republic of Poland. The author has found that the issues around shaping the relations of the Codification Commission with the Government and the Sejm have been covered in literature of the subject in a one-sided manner. Authors who have devoted their attention to the issue of autonomy of the Codification Commission formulated their evaluations based on the interpretation of the regulations in the drafts of the Act that established the Commission, as well as on their subsequent application that enabled the restriction of this autonomy. They did not, however, sufficiently account for the ideological declarations, thus in fact rejecting the deputies’ assertions of their striving to ensure “complete autonomy and self-sufficiency” of the Codification Commission, and the Government’s affirmations that it did not aim to “subject” the Commission to its control. Meanwhile, the author’s intention is to show that there was a widespread consensus at the time, especially at the Sejm, which sovereignly decided on the wording of the Act on the Codification Commission, that deputies had adopted a law that sufficiently protected the autonomous status of the Commission and its apolitical nature.

The research laboratories of Associated Electrical Industries Ltd

1951 ◽  
Vol 210 (1101) ◽  
pp. 145-172 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
World War ◽  
Group Research ◽  
Good Selection ◽  
Transmission Equipment ◽  
The World ◽  
Prime Movers ◽  
The Government ◽  
Research Facilities

The Associated Electrical Industries Ltd. comprises a group of independent companies concerned with the manufacture of prime movers, generators, power-transmission equipment and practically every kind of electricity-consuming device. The two largest of the group of companies are the Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Co. Ltd. at Trafford Park, Manchester, and the British Thomson-Houston Co. Ltd. at Rugby. While there are research facilities in each of the companies of the group, research has until recently been concentrated very largely in the laboratories of the two main companies, the laboratories being separate autonomous bodies independently directed. Both these laboratories have been developed since World War I and both played no insignificant part in the last war. Accounts of each are being presented by Mr Churcher and Mr Davies. I should like to make brief mention of one matter about which there is frequent misunderstanding. It is often said that industry takes the best men from the universities, but my experience has shown that this traffic is in fact two-way. It is true that our companies take hundreds of young graduate engineers from universities all over the world, and of these a good selection is recruited to the research departments; but from our laboratories have also gone very many trained scientists into a large number of university positions, over a score into professorial chairs and senior positions throughout the government scientific services. It is my profound conviction that this flow in both directions is most desirable and should be encouraged as much as possible.

scholarly journals The Documentation of the World War I Armenian Massacres in the Proceedings of the Turkish Military Tribunal

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahakn N. Dadrian
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Tribunal ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Entire Nation ◽  
Armenian Population

The deportation of the majority of the Armenian population from the Ottoman Empire during World War I and the massacres that accompanied it are of commanding interest. The paucity of scholarly contributions in this area, however, has impeded the development of interest in the subject, thereby contributing to the nebulous state surrounding the conditions that led to the disappearance of an entire nation from its ancestral territories. Some maintain that this nebulousness is compounded by the intrusion of political calculation.1 At issue is whether or not the disaster was intentionally organized by the Ottoman authorities, and whether or not the scope of Armenian losses bore any relationship to that intention.

scholarly journals Employment issue in the journals of the Special Council on State Defense (1915-1917)

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-25
Author(s):  
Irina Shilnikova ◽  
Georgii Georgievich Kasarov
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Nongovernmental Organizations ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
World War ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
State Defense ◽  
Soviet Historiography ◽  
Employment Issue

Soviet historiography features a thesis that in the course of struggle against industrial strikes in Russia during the World War I, the government applied solely repressive measures, including armed suppression of worker strikes, prosecution, imprisonment, and conscription. The reports of proceedings of Special Council on State Defense, which was composed of the representatives of key ministries, State Soviet, State Duma, as well as entrepreneurial circles and nongovernmental organizations, allowed the government representatives to more objectively understand the essence of the “employment issue” in the conditions of protracted war and possible methods of its solution, including prevention of strikes, especially at the enterprises involved in execution of defense orders. The article presents the analysis of the content of discussions and decisions on the employment issue adopted within the framework of Special Council for ensuring steady operation of factories and preventing downtime as a result of strikes and quitting of employees. It is worth noting that a considerable part of political and military figures, major industrialists supported peaceful methods of solution the employment issue, such as negotiation process, seeking compromises, creation of reconciliation chambers and other specific authorities. However, the absence of an agreement and interaction between different departments impeded the development and implementation of prompt and effective measures to address the employment issue.

Making the World Safe for Eugenics: The Eugenicist Harry H. Laughlin's Encounters with American Internationalism

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason McDonald
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Main Claim ◽  
World Government ◽  
The World ◽  
Compulsory Sterilization ◽  
Cold Spring ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Domestic Level

Harry H. Laughlin's main claim to fame was as director of the Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, from which position he exerted considerable influence upon early twentieth-century campaigns to restrict immigration and to institute compulsory sterilization of the socially inadequate. Laughlin also had an absorbing fascination for the idea of a single world government. Over the course of forty years, he produced a voluminous body of mostly unpublished work on the subject. In examining Laughlin's musings on internationalism, this article provides a glimpse into how a leading American eugenicist would have projected onto the world stage the policies he was zealously endeavoring to implement at the domestic level. Laughlin sent samples of his work to many of America's leading internationalists. Their responses to Laughlin's ideas reveal much about the character of internationalism in the United States during the era of World War I, especially the extent to which his racist and imperialist assumptions were shared by other members of the internationalist movement. Consequently, this article provides yet another example of how liberal and conservative impulses were neither easily distinguishable nor mutually exclusive during the Progressive Era.

Imperial Berlin and Washington: New Light on Germany's Foreign Policy and America's Entry into World War I

1978 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhard R. Doerries
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World War I ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
The Government ◽  
War Aims ◽  
First World

Since the early 1960s we have witnessed in West German historical writing noteworthy changes in the interpretation of the causes of the First World War and, therefore, of the meaning of that war for Germany. One is particularly struck by the refreshing debate which ensued among German scholars on Germany's war aims specifically and on Imperial Germany's foreign policy prior to the World War in general. The so-called captured German documents of the Foreign Office and other branches of the government were returned to Germany, and a younger generation of historians eagerly examined the newly available material. Remarkable, if at times controversial, studies were the result of the scholarly reexamination of the German imperial era. Yet, in all the commotion and controversy, there was one area of German foreign policy which conspicuously remained ignored or treated with astonishing marginality

scholarly journals Pozycja ustrojowa notariusza na gruncie pierwszego polskiego Prawa o notariacie z dnia 27 października 1933 r. Część pierwsza

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Tomasz Woś
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Satisfactory Result ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Public Official ◽  
World War ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Professional Self ◽  
The Law ◽  
Polish Law

<p>The origins of the modern Polish system of notaries date back to the period of the Polish Second Republic. At the end of World War I, the institution of notaries in Polish lands was heterogeneous. There were three separate notary organizations, which regulated differently the systemic position, tasks and functions of the notary. The rebirth of the Polish State brought the issue of unification of the system of notaries. Works on this ground-breaking task took place for several years and ended with the creation of the Law on Notaries of 27 October 1933. The article is intended to precisely determine the systemic position of the notary under the first Polish Law on Notaries. Article 1 of the Regulation defined notary as a public functionary appointed to draw up acts and documents to which the parties were obliged or wanted to give the public attestation and to carry out other acts as entrusted to him by law. Attempts to define the concept of a public official revealed numerous terminological problems and generated the need to conduct research on the issue of the notary’s position both in terms of scholarly reflection and dogmatic terms. In order to determine the systemic position of the notary, the article presents a detailed analysis of the term “public functionary” used in Article 1 of the Law on Notaries, views of the most eminent representatives of legal science in Poland on this subject and the scope of activities of the notary. The doubts and terminological difficulties identified in the course of these activities led to a deeper analysis of the provisions of Section I of the Law on Notaries, entitled “System of Notaries” (provisions of Chapters I–III) and of the case law. However, the attempt undertaken in the article to clearly define the position of the notary under the first Polish Law on Notaries did not bring a fully satisfactory result. The analysis of the position of the notary in the light of the Law on Notaries of 1933 indicates that there are serious difficulties in defining it precisely, both among the scholars in the field and the judicature. To fully define it, a closer analysis of the provisions of the Law on Notaries concerning the supervision of notaries, disciplinary and compensation liability of notaries, the professional self-government of notaries and the rules of preparation for the profession of notary was necessary. These issues have a significant impact on the final shape of the notary’s position within the legal system. Due to editorial limitations, these issues will be addressed in the second part of this article, along with final conclusions.</p>

Art historical time in the works of Ivan Сankar

2019 ◽  
pp. 383-399
Author(s):  
Tatyana Chepelevskaya
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Historical Time ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Episode ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Folk Poetry

In the article on the example of the work of the biggest Slovenian writer Ivan Cankar (1876-1918) the subject of art historical time is studied. It raises the question of the place and role of historical time in the literary texts whose authors use it to organize plot, characters and art space. I. Cankar, as a rule, does not give expanded descriptions of one or another significant event. The historic time is presented in his works in the form of digressions, in the memories of the characters. Sometimes it refers to very recent history, presciently anticipating the importance of a phenomenon for the destinies of individuals and of entire peoples. Such events form thematic nodes, motifs, storylines of his works. Three themes dominate in the prose of I. Cankar: the peasant uprising, the World War I, and the theme of exile. Many times would he address the plots and topics of folk poetry. However his view on it and on the important for the Slovene culture folklore and mythical characters sometimes differs a lot from the views of many of his contemporaries. This was specifically reflected in his work on the drama on peasant uprisings. He dedicates special attention to those periods of the national history that underwent sacralization in the folk consciousness (“The Golden Age”). His favorite creative method is the staging of a historical episode through folklore and folk mythology, among other, to its characters. For some historical processes (the exile) he introduces the topic of the rupture of a man from their homeland.

Charity and donations in the cities of Zabaykalsky Krai during the World War I: interaction between society and the government

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-35
Author(s):  
Elena Sevostyanova
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Peripheral Region ◽  
Information Support ◽  
World War ◽  
Charitable Organizations ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Local Initiative ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

During the World War I, due to the grand scale of mobilization, it would have not been possible to provide assistance to families of the soldiers without help received from charitable organizations, local authorities and individuals. Public and private charity became a part of supporting those in need. The object of this research is charity and donations during organized during the World War I. The subject of this research is the cooperation between the government and the public in the area of charity and donations. The forms, methods and specificity of such interactions are viewed based on the example of a remote administerial peripheral region &ndash; Zabaykalsky Krai, with consideration of the overall trends and regional peculiarities. The main forms and vectors of the work are described. Four key trends can be highlighted in interaction between the government and the city residents: 1) the organization of support for the families of mobilized soldiers (both, legal who received state rations, but also had the opportunity to use charitable support, and civil, who did not have the right to receive state rations); social assistance to children; aid to the refugees; collecting donations for the military needs (air fleet, Red Cross, mobile military infirmary, provision and shipment of things for the army). The author notes that due to a wide variety of charitable organizations (local and nationwide), secular and religious patronages, committees (established upon the local initiative and departments under the aegis of the Romanovs family), the composition of active participants often overlapped: same people were the members of several organizations. An important role in all organizations was played by the government officials; however, their motivation requires additional attention. Largest charity fundraisers were the events that received organizational and information support from the local authorities, or mass actions that became a part of public space of the cities.

scholarly journals Wounded in the everyday life of a provincial city during the World War I (on the materials of the Central Black Earth Economic Region)

2020 ◽  
pp. 110-120
Author(s):  
Svetlana Vladimirovna Bukalova
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Economic Region ◽  
Provincial City ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Military Facilities

The subject of this research is the multi-aspect impact produced by the system of medical care for the ill and wounded soldiers during the World War I upon the social life of provincial towns that accommodated the military hospitals. The article determines the role of the Central Black Earth Economic Region in treating the wounded; provides information on the number of hospital beds; describes organizational moments of operation of hospitals, as well as the forms of public participation in work of the hospitals. Attention is given to the common and symbolic aspects associated with the figure of a wounded soldier. The study is based on systematization of records on functionality of the medical military facilities in the Central Black Earth Economic Region, making emphasis on the changes and new occurrences in everyday of the city folks caused by establishing and operation of hospitals. The acquires results state that the system of medical care for the wounded during the World War I has become the subject of social consolidation, invoking new forms of charity and active cooperation of various social classes of a provincial city. At the same time, concentration of the wounded was a destabilizing factor of urban life.

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