Standardization in the EU regulatory strategy concerning the development of the scope of UAS application

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Teresa Idzikowska ◽  
Paulina Rutkowska
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Regulatory Structure ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Regulatory Strategy ◽  
European Regulatory ◽  
European Regulations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Eu

The article discusses the subject of new European regulations regarding unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), which define the rules for the use of UAV systems in the European airspace. The introduced legal framework defines the technical requirements for the UAVs, UAV categorization and classification of performed operations in terms of risk, UAV certification matters, rules for the introduction on the uniform European market and their supervision, as well as personnel conditions necessary to ensure compliance with the general requirements. These activities are aimed at development of the UAV market and integration with manned aviation in a safe and environmentally friendly way. The article presents the process of establishing the European regulatory structure for civil UAVs.

EU Digital Law

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Digital Content ◽  
Online Sales ◽  
Consumer Rights ◽  
European Regulations ◽  
Digital Law ◽  
The Eu

The rules on the EU's digital single market are a milestone in consumer protection. They have harmonised the provision of digital content and online sales across Europe. The new commentary on "EU Digital Law" comments, article by article, on the most important European regulations on digital law in the EU: the Digital Content Directive; the EU Consumer Rights Directive; the E-Commerce Directive; the Portability Regulation. The legal framework for digital content is being fundamentally redefined. The authors are experts from all over the EU. Their contributions provide detailed explanations of the background and purpose of the provisions and show concrete ways of implementing them.

Hazard v. Risk in EU Chemicals Regulation

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Nordlander ◽  
Carl-Michael Simon ◽  
Hazel Pearson
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Human Health ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Chemicals Regulation ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Hazard Classification ◽  
Eu Chemicals Regulation ◽  
The Eu

Hazard is the potential of something to cause harm; risk is the likelihood of harm occurring. Chemicals regulation is largely focused on minimising risks associated with chemicals — and rightly so. However, in the EU the hazard classification of individual chemicals can impact significantly the regulation of products containing those chemicals, regardless of the actual risks that the products may pose to human health or the environment. This can lead to undesirable consequences, such as restrictions on the use of safe products, substitution towards less safe products, and disincentives to innovate. Such hazard-based regulation tends to be at odds with World Trade Organization rules and has raised significant concern with EU trading partners. This journal is an ideal forum for discussing how the EU can move towards a better and more coordinated legal framework for the regulation of chemicals.

scholarly journals New criminal law responses of the Republic of Serbia to violence against women

Temida ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-187
Author(s):  
Sladjana Jovanovic
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Penal Policy ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
The Eu

The Republic of Serbia, within the framework of (intolerably) frequent amendments to the criminal legislation (often rooted in populist demands), has also improved its response to violence against women, which is the subject of this paper. In the first place, new criminal offences have been analyzed, as well as the more severe legislative penal policy, the main features of the Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence, and the link between the legal framework and the judicial practice, in order to point out the existing shortcomings. The author concludes that changes in approaches are most often explained as necessity due to European integration, and harmonization with the EU law (in the field of protection of women from violence, for which the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence is of particular importance), so there is an impression that the changes are more formal, declarative and not well-thought-out.

scholarly journals Dietary supplements as a challenge for contemporary public health: scale of the phenomenon, health risk, legal regulations

2018 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Marzec ◽  
Michał Skrzypek ◽  
Zbigniew Marzec
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Look ◽  
Pharmaceutical Agents ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The subject of the study is to present the issues of dietary supplements from the perspective of public health, taking into account definitional problems, the scale of the phenomenon in Poland and the look at the problem in question from the sociomedical perspective emphasizing the use of dietary supplements as a form of self-care. The study also discusses selected legal regulations in Poland and the EU on marketing and trading in dietary supplements. The article also presents, from the perspective of pharmaceutical sciences, the proposals for classification of dietary supplements and selected issues concerning safety of their use. The subject of a part of the present analysis is also the recent data showing the wide popularization of the phenomenon of polypragmasia consisting in simultaneous use of dietary supplements and OTC pharmaceutical agents with prescription drugs in Poland.

scholarly journals Taxation of cross-border digital transactions: development of approaches to income classification

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 68-79
Author(s):  
Nikolay S. Milogolov ◽  
Azamat B. Berberov
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
Digital Transactions

The subject. The developing approaches towards the classification of various types of income received as a result of electronic transactions for the purposes of domestic tax legislation and double tax treaties at the level of international tax governance and at the level of Russian tax legislation and practice. The aim of this paper is to test the hypothesis that the legal approach and criteria developed in the course of work of global tax governance institutions (OECD and UN) towards income classification from cross-border transactions in electronic form can be used as a basis for legal approach towards this issue in Russia. The authors use the methods of comparative legal analysis and logical-analytical method. In particular authors perform the detailed review of the related provisions of OECD and UN Model Tax Conventions, commentaries to them and global tax governance expert group’s position and contrast it against the Russian legal practice relating to the subject. The main results, scope of application. Uncertainty in the income classification may arise for almost any type of digital transactions, since income received can fall under at least three different categories. Incorrect legal classification may result in double taxation, non-taxation and distortion of neutrality. There is still ambiguity in the development of international consensus approach towards the issue. There are developing approaches to the characterization of income in the comments to the OECD and UN Model Tax Conventions, however, they can hardly be called fully elaborated due to the specific nature of the digital transactions. The similar situation can be observed in Russian tax legislation where the issue of digital transactions creates a lot of uncertainty. The analysis of domestic court practice indicates the absence of the national approach to the classification of income due to the small number of court cases. On this basis, an attempt was made to form a theoretical and methodological model of classification of digital payments for the purpose of applying the corporate income tax, based on the provisions of domestic law and recommendations of OECD and the UN. Conclusions. The authors find that despite of the presence of some guidance towards characterization of income from digital transactions at the level of OECD and UN a stable legal framework is strongly needed in the domestic tax law. The approach towards classification proposed in this article can be used as a reference point for further academic and practical discussion.

Direct lending by funds: a comparison of the key EU jurisdictions

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Thomas Smith ◽  
Patricia Volhard ◽  
Alan Davies ◽  
Pierre Maugüé ◽  
Marco Paruzzolo
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
European Regulatory ◽  
European Regulations ◽  
Direct Lending ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

Purpose To compare the key EU regimes regulating direct lending by private funds. Design/methodology/approach Provides a summary of the key factors to be examined when looking at the provision of direct loans by private funds in the key jurisdictions, followed by a summary of existing pan-European regulations, followed by a focus regulations in on the UK, Germany, France and Italy. Findings The liberalisation of the national regimes for loan origination by funds in many European Union jurisdictions is a welcome development for both credit fund sponsors wishing to access investment opportunities in these jurisdictions and the borrowers unable to secure adequate financing from traditional sources such as banks. At the same time, the creation of a pan-European regulatory regime, with a passport for lending activities, would further facilitate market access by loan originating funds, as long as such regime does not impose onerous burdens or unnecessary restrictions on the funds and their managers. Practical implications The article gives an insight on the relative opportunities for direct lending funds in the EU, and how best to structure to take advantage of them. Originality/value Practical guidance from experienced financial services lawyers

Development of thickened semi-synthetic engine oil M-5z / 20 AERO for four-stroke gasoline engines aircraft piston of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)

2020 ◽  
Vol 06 ◽  
pp. 44-47
Author(s):  
A.A. Moykin ◽  
◽  
A.S. Medzhibovsky ◽  
S.A. Kriushin ◽  
M.V. Seleznev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Motor Oil ◽  
Gasoline Engines ◽  
State Research Institute ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
State Research ◽  
Industrial Batch ◽  
The Russian Federation

Nowadays, the creation of remotely-piloted aerial vehicles for various purposes is regarded as one of the most relevant and promising trends of aircraft development. FAU "25 State Research Institute of Chemmotology of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation" have studied the operation features of aircraft piston engines and developed technical requirements for motor oil for piston four-stroke UAV engines, as well as a new engine oil M-5z/20 AERO in cooperation with NPP KVALITET, LLC. Based on the complex of qualification tests, the stated operational properties of the experimental-industrial batch of M-5z/20 AERO oil are generally confirmed.

A comparative analysis of the lay-friendliness of Danish EU patient information leaflets from 2000 to 2012

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inger Askehave ◽  
Karen Korning Zethsen
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Patient Information ◽  
Patient Information Leaflet ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Information Leaflet ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Patient Information Leaflets ◽  
Information Leaflets ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Eu

Since becoming mandatory in the EU in 1992, the patient information leaflet (PIL) has been the subject of an on-going discussion regarding its ability to provide easily understandable information. This study examines whether the lay-friendliness of Danish PILs has improved from 2000 to 2012 according to the Danish consumers. A reproduction of a questionnaire study from 2000 was carried out. The responses of the 2012 survey were compared to those of the 2000 survey and the analysis showed that Danes are less inclined to read the PIL in 2012 compared to 2000 and that the general interest in PILs has decreased. The number of respondents who deem the PIL easy to read has gone down. According to Danish consumers, the lay-friendliness of PILs has not improved from 2000 to 2012 and a very likely explanation could be that the PIL as a genre has become far too regulated and complex to live up to its original intentions. On the basis of the empirical results the article furthermore offers suggestions for practice changes.

СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ КОНФЛИКТОЛОГИЯ: ТЕОРЕТИКО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
А. Н. Сухов
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Psychological Approach ◽  
Structure Dynamics ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time

This given article reveals the topicality not only of destructive, but also of constructive, as well as hybrid conflicts. Practically it has been done for the first time. It also describes the history of the formation of both foreign and domestic social conflictology. At the same time, the chronology of the development of the latter is restored and presented objectively, in full, taking into account the contribution of those researchers who actually stood at its origins. The article deals with the essence of the socio-psychological approach to understanding conflicts. The subject of social conflictology includes the regularities of their occurrence and manifestation at various levels, spheres and conditions, including normal, complicated and extreme ones. Social conflictology includes the theory and practice of diagnosing, resolving, and resolving social conflicts. It analyzes the difficulties that occur in defining the concept, structure, dynamics, and classification of social conflicts. Therefore, it is no accident that the most important task is to create a full-fledged theory of social conflicts. Without this, it is impossible to talk about effective settlement and resolution of social conflicts. Social conflictology is an integral part of conflictology. There is still a lot of work to be done, both in theory and in application, for its complete design. At present, there is an urgent need to develop conflict-related competence not only of professionals, but also for various groups of the population.

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