Evolution of the German concepts of military cooperation in Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 11-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Żurek
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Cooperation ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Angela Merkel ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Eu

Germany’s military cooperation with European partners is undertaken either within the European Union or outside its structures. The cooperation within the European Union takes place mainly on two levels: inter-governmental and supranational. The cooperation outside the EU is also focused on two levels: bilateral and multilateral. The author’s intention is to identify the direction of the evolution of the German concepts of military cooperation in Europe during the reign of Angela Merkel using a multi-level approach. Concepts co-created or co-implemented by Germany assume that strong and united Europe can counteract external threats by development of its own military component. It is clear, that there is conceptual asymmetry, that is why there are more intergovernmental concepts (military missions, PESCO, strengthened CSDP, EI2) than transnational concepts, from which we distinguish the only one, e.g. the concept of the European army. The influence on the evolution of the German concepts can have an integral federalism, which this country adheres to, and which was implemented after the Second World War into the political and administrative system, i.e. system based on multilevelness and cooperation of authorities, that has proved effective, so it can also be effective in multi-level military cooperation in the EU.

scholarly journals Saving the Sustainability of the European Union, Fighting Terrorism

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
El Chami D ◽  
El Moujabber M
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Eu

Albeit the absence of an agreement on the definition, terrorism as studied in this literature has a complex nature and diverse factors that are involved. Furthermore, dealing with terrorism has become the centrepiece of foreign policies of many countries worldwide. The European Union has a long history of fighting terrorism. Yet, the current terrorism threats have shaken the bases of the Union. According to the authors’ assessment and evaluation, terrorism in Europe, in the aftermath of the Second World War, occurs due to the unsustainable foreign policies of the EU member states. To save the European Union and to fight terrorism, the authors suggest a framework based on four complementary headlines: i) Education, ii) Social justice and human rights, iii) Law enforcement, and iv) Sustainable common defence policy. A prerequisite to the success of this framework is a revision of the Europe-transatlantic relations to address the imbalance in the EU relations with USA.

The European Union and Diplomatic Law

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Butler
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
External Action ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Second World War ◽  
First Century ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Supranational Institutions ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Eu

Not long after the establishment of supranational institutions in the aftermath of the Second World War, the early incarnations of the European Union (EU) began conducting diplomacy. Today, EU Delegations (EUDs) exist throughout the world, operating similar to full-scale diplomatic missions. The Treaty of Lisbon established the legal underpinnings for the European External Action Service (EEAS) as the diplomatic arm of the EU. Yet within the international legal framework, EUDs remain second-class to the missions of nation States. The EU thus has to use alternative legal means to form diplomatic missions. This chapter explores the legal framework of EU diplomatic relations, but also asks whether traditional missions to which the VCDR regime applies, can still be said to serve the needs of diplomacy in the twenty-first century, when States are no longer the ultimate holders of sovereignty, or the only actors in international relations.

Book Reviews

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 97-121
Author(s):  
Thomas Klikauer ◽  
Norman Simms ◽  
Helge F. Jani ◽  
Bob Beatty ◽  
Nicholas Lokker
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
European Union ◽  
Second World War ◽  
First Century ◽  
New Right ◽  
Academic Press ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Second World

Jay Julian Rosellini, The German New Right: AfD, PEGIDA and the Re-imagining of National Identity (London: C. Hurst, 2019).Simon Bulmer and William E. Paterson, Germany and the European Union: Europe’s Reluctant Hegemon? (London: Red Globe Press, 2019).Susan Neiman, Learning from the Germans: Race and the Memory of Evil (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019).Stephan Jaeger, The Second World War in the Twenty-First-Century Museum: From Narrative, Memory, and Experience to Experientiality (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020).Robert M. Jarvis, Gambling under the Swastika: Casinos, Horse Racing, Lotteries, and Other Forms of Betting in Nazi Germany (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2019).

The Churchill Syndrome

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-102
Author(s):  
Steven Fielding ◽  
Bill Schwarz ◽  
Richard Toye
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Complex Figure ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Second World ◽  
Point Of Reference

This chapter focuses on the way in which political actors of different stripes have used the idea of Churchill as a means of self-validation. It explores how, in the decades after his death, Churchill became a key point of reference in Anglo-American relations, a theme which intensified after the terrorist attacks of 9/11. The chapter also examines how Churchill has been used by those on both sides of the long-running debate about British membership of the European Union. Although Remainers invoked the memory of the 1946 ‘United States of Europe’ speech, they struggled to sell Churchill as a complex figure who was prepared to make concessions on British sovereignty in the interests of future peace. The ingrained, bulldog image remained hegemonic—even though Churchill’s popular reputation had shifted in subtle but significant ways since the end of the Second World War.

scholarly journals Anti-establishment voting and Euroscepticism: The case of Italy and the Five Star Movement

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Di Lieto ◽  
Bruno Mascitelli
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Five Star Movement ◽  
Second World ◽  
Historic Approach

This paper explores the meaning of the Italian anti-establishment voting and whether the Five Star Movement’s anti-establishment label is appropriate. More specifically the investigation addresses the policies of the Five Star Movement towards the now creaking European Union, especially as growing Euroscepticism has been boosted by the Brexit referendum and the Trump dismissal and disdain for the European Union. In doing so, the paper examines the historic approach of so-called ‘anti- establishment’ parties that have had an almost ‘normal’ occurrence within the Italian political environment since the end of the Second World War. In this sense the paper concludes that addressing parties and systems as anti-establishment does little to help our understanding of this most fluid political period in Italy and across Europe.

scholarly journals The European Union a stepping stone to further integration or rather a Eurocentric fortress?

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 21-23
Author(s):  
Maren Kraushaar
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
World War ◽  
Stepping Stone ◽  
National Power ◽  
Internal Integration ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
Second World

The European Union a stepping stone to further integration or rather a Eurocentric fortress? Still with the memory of the destructive national power of the Second World War, the main initiators of the European integration stirred this project with the objective of preventing further conflicts through economic integration. Closer economic ties, spilling over to more countries and more policy areas lead to the development of an ever closer union which has become a powerful actor in international affairs. This essay will explore the question to what extent the European Union can be characterized as Eurocentric regionalism, rather focused on internal integration and enforcing outside borders than on global understanding. In order to shed light on this question several policy areas will be analysed, such as the European aid and trade policy, as well as the agricultural policy as these are areas where the European Union is directly confronted with external politics and international interests.

scholarly journals Internationalization of Universities: 70 Years of Experience

2021 ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
Vladimir Filippov
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
European Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
International Policies ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Second World

AbstractThe creation of the IAU 70 years ago was one of the consequences of evolving international life following the Second World War. This featured the evolution of organizations such as the United Nations, UNESCO, the Council of Europe and the European Union. In higher education, new international policies led to the internationalization of universities (Altbach, 2010). From the beginning, the IAU became one of the international platforms where universities exchanged experiences and built relations. In the acting strategy of IAU adopted in 2016, internationalization is one of the four priorities.

The transnational mythscape of the Second World War

2019 ◽  
pp. 175069801986315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoav Galai
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Cultural Memory ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Memory Politics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Second World ◽  
Made In

Since the early 2000s, the study of European Memory politics has proliferated, but has come to mean different things. It focuses either on the emergence of Holocaust remembrance as a shared cultural memory, disputes within European Union institutions over what the European collective memory should be, or diplomatic standoffs between Russia and its former satellites. I argue that while such complex multi-level memory politics defy an overarching theoretical categorisation, they can be understood through a comprehensive approach, which is achieved by considering the different narratives of the past to be interpretations of a common historical occurrence. This article argues that European Memory Politics as a whole occurs within a transnational mythscape of the Second World War, in which international actors promote their interpretations as simplified myths while warding off competing myths that negatively depict their mythical selves. An emergent narrative alliance between Russia and Israel, made in response to European memory politics, is used to illustrate the utility of the transnational mythscape framework for understanding memory politics beyond the national sphere.

scholarly journals OCHRONA KONSUMENTA NA PRZEŁOMIE EPOK – INSTYTUCJA RĘKOJMI W PRAWIE NAJNOWSZYM

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Anna Falkowska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Polish Law ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
Second World ◽  
Union Directive

CONSUMER PROTECTION AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY –WARRANTY IN MODERN POLISH LAW Summary The presented article is devoted to development of warranty institution in the Polish modern law. The time frames of this article include the period between 1918 and 2003. The first date marks the beginning of the independent Polish country after the Second World War. The second date is connected with introducing in Poland a new law which implements the European Union directive. This new law concerns consumers and instead of a traditional warranty it introduces a new term of conformity with the contract.

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