Estimation of Income of Companies on the Basis of the Fay-Herriot Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-94
Author(s):  
Grażyna Dehnel ◽  
Michał Pietrzak ◽  
Łukasz Wawrowski
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Auxiliary Variables ◽  
Sample Design ◽  
Business Statistics ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Level Of Aggregation ◽  
Source Of Information

The main source of information about revenues of small business sector is currently provided mainly by sample surveys conducted by the Central Statistical Office. Parameters of interest can only be estimated with acceptable precision at the level of the country and province or by NACE section. It is caused by the sample size, method of estimation and sample design. The motivation for the study was the growing demand for reliable estimates at a low level of aggregation. The aim of this study was application of the Fay-Herriot model, one of the methods, which use auxiliary variables, for estimating revenue of enterprises employing 10 to 49 employees. The study used data from a meld DG 1, the most important research in the field of business statistics, as well as data from administrative registers. The study allowed to observe some regularities and characteristics of the small business sector in Poland.

Estimation of the average wage in Polish small companies using the robust approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-213
Author(s):  
Grażyna Dehnel ◽  
Łukasz Wawrowski
Keyword(s):  
Small Firms ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Average Wage ◽  
Small Companies ◽  
Auxiliary Variables ◽  
Robust Approach ◽  
Business Statistics ◽  
Economic Statistics ◽  
Robust Version ◽  
Level Of Aggregation

There is a growing demand for multivariate economic statistics for crossclassified domains. In business statistics, this demand poses a particular challenge given the specific character of the population of enterprises, which necessitates searching for methods of analysis that would represent the robust approach to estimation, where auxiliary variables could be utilised. The adoption of new solutions in this area is expected to increase the scope of statistical output and improve the precision of estimates. The study presented in the paper furthers this goal, as it is focused on testing the application of a robust version of the Fay-Herriot model, which makes it possible to meet the assumption of normality of random effects under the presence of outliers. These alternative models are supplied to estimate the parameters of small firms operating in 2012. Variables from administrative registers were used as auxiliary variables, which made the estimation process more comprehensive. The paper refers to small area estimation methods. The variables of interest are estimated at a low level of aggregation represented by the crosssection province and NACE sections.

A Study of Disability Across Districts of the Province of Wielkopolska Using Small Area Estimation Methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-472
Author(s):  
Tomasz Klimanek ◽  
Marcin Szymkowiak ◽  
Marcin Szymkowiak ◽  
Tomasz Józefowski
Keyword(s):  
Small Area ◽  
Small Area Estimation ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Estimation Errors ◽  
Area Estimation ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Level Of Aggregation ◽  
High Level

Surveys and censuses conducted by the Central Statistical Office in Poland are the main sources of information about disability for official statistics. Because sample sizes for relevant cross-classification domains are too small to employ classical estimation methods, results are usually published at a relatively high level of aggregation (at country or province level) or for very broadly defined domains. To meet the growing demand for detailed information about disability, the authors present an attempt of applying the methodology of small area estimation to estimate the percentage of disabled people, in the legal and biological sense, across districts (NUTS 4/LAU 1 units) of the province of Wielkopolska crossclassified by the level of education. This methodological exercise is based on data from the 2011 census and employs selected techniques of indirect estimation. Estimates obtained in the study provide an indication of the spatial variation of disability in the target domains with greater precision. It is worth noting that this level of aggregation has not been considered for purposes of official statistical outputs because of unacceptably high estimation errors of the direct estimator.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Changes in the Level of Competitiveness of Manufacturing in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Roszko-Wójtowicz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Level Of Aggregation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Business Entities

The development of modern economies is inseparably connected with the phenomenon of competition and competitiveness of business entities. Issues in the field of competitiveness of economies, sectors and enterprises have become the subject of intensive analysis worldwide. In Poland, there is also an urgent need to conduct research on various aspects of competitiveness which should thoroughly diagnose the situation in this respect and indicate the development of adequate instruments of economic policy stimulating the growth of competitiveness. This article is a response to this need. The main aim of the study is to assess and compare selected aspects of competitiveness of enterprises from manufacturing divisions. Therefore, the analysis covered manufacturing enterprises (Section C) at the two-digit level of aggregation, i.e. at the level of divisions in this Section. To assess competitiveness in the years 2010-2016, the following measures were used: export/import ratio, intra-industrial trade index (IIT), sold production, labour productivity, and total factor productivity (TFP). The research proceedings were based on data published by the Central Statistical Office (Statistics Poland).

scholarly journals Restaurants and hotels expenditure in Polish households of the elderly

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlena Piekut
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The People ◽  
The Family ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Source Of Information

Abstract The age of household members is an important factor for expenditures. The aim of the study is to investigate the level of expenditure on restaurants and hotels incurred in Polish households of the elderly in 2004-2013 and to identify the factors affecting such expenditures. The source of information used in the study was the household budget survey of the Central Statistical Office of Poland. The main methods used in this study were variance analysis and regression analysis. Restaurants and hotels expenditure increases every year together with their share in total household expenditure. The most important factors affecting the restaurants and hotels spending in Polish households of the elderly are: income per capita and the level of education of the head of the family. The study on consumption determinants at different groups leads to better understanding of consumer behavior circumstances and thereby ensuring a good quality of life for the people of the elderly.

scholarly journals Agriculture Loans in Cooperative Banks of the Podlaskie Voivodeship

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-489
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Łukaszuk
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Cooperative Banks ◽  
Commercial Loans ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
The Eu

SummarySubject and purpose of work: Running an agricultural activity requires acquiring funds necessary for its functioning and proper development. The most classic examples of financing agricultural activity include all kinds of bank loans used by farmers for the purchase of agricultural land, construction and modernization of buildings, the purchase of machinery and equipment, as well as the establishment of perennial plantations or the purchase of a herd. The aim of the study is to present the possibilities of financing agricultural activity by cooperative banks in the Podlaskie Voivodeship.Materials and methods: The study used the method of observation and analysis of banking materials. The source of information was the data of cooperative banks, the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture and the Central Statistical Office.Results: Over the centuries, cooperative banks have developed techniques, methods and practices in the field of agricultural lending. They have somehow specialized in this area and offer farmers a full range of commercial loans. They have also actively participated in the redistribution of funds under the implementation of the EU Common Agricultural Policy. for many years. Currently operating farms have access to many forms of financing (the most developed and available in banks, however, are loans) depending on their financial needs or planned investments.Conclusions: Among many forms of foreign capital in agriculture, it is preferential loans that play a significant role as a stimulus to improve farm activities. Granting loans by cooperative banks is one of the basic tasks in their operations. Bank loans play an important role in changes taking place in agriculture. They generally do not violate the principles of market economy and financing rules, provided that the financial and credit policy takes into account the needs and limitations resulting from the current and forecast economic situation of farms.

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEAT PUMPS MARKET IN POLAND IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NEW EU STRATEGY “A CLEAN PLANET FOR ALL”

2018 ◽  
Vol XX (6) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Gradziuk ◽  
Barbara Gradziuk
Keyword(s):  
Energy Policy ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Climate And Energy Policy

The aim of the work was to assess the changes and perspectives for the development of heat pump applications in the context of the EU's strategy “Clean Planet for All” and the Energy Policy of Poland until 2040. The research material and source of information were studies and reports of the "EurObserv'ER" Consortium, the Central Statistical Office of Poland, the European Commission and the Ministry of Energy. The analyses covered the years 2009-2017 with a prospect until 2030. The research shows that the number of heat pumps in operation in the European Union in 2017 amounted to 34.4 million and in comparison to 2012 increased by over 170%. In the same period in Poland, their number increased more than four times, however, the produced quantity increased by only 64%. Despite such significant increase, Poland in terms of the number of installations and the share of heat pumps in obtaining energy from renewable sources is still characterized by a relatively low level of utilization of this potential. Its development may contribute not only to the fulfillment of commitments resulting from the climate and energy policy, but also to a significant contribution to improving the purity of atmospheric air.

scholarly journals Financing of companies' research and development activities in Poland

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-102
Author(s):  
Magdalena Mosionek-Schweda
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Public Support ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
Structural Funds ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Formal Requirements

Analyzing the research and development sector (R&D) in Poland, one can observe the increase in entrepreneurs’ interest to undertake R&D activities. According to Central Statistical Office, at the end of 2008 there were 1157 entities that conduct research and development work, including 697 enterprises. The following year, the number of total R&D institutions increased to 1316, whereas the business sector rose to 842 companies (about 20.8%). Greater involvement of entrepreneurs in the R&D sector results, among others, from noticing many benefits associated with this activity. The national authorities as well as European Union’s institutions drew up many programmes for entrepreneurs undertaking R&D activities. Some of these programmes give priority to small and medium-sized businesses offering them a wide range of financial and non-financial support. This policy aims to achieve high economic growth and improve socio-economic situation of society with the participation of enterprises that are orientated at creating and applying innovative solutions in their business operation, products manufactured or services provided. The article aims to present sources of funds available for R&D activities undertaken by companies in Poland, as from government programmes, through the structural funds, to funds set aside by Switzerland and the members of European Economic Area. Despite all these programmes, many companies in Poland still face a financial barrier that prevents their development. It seems that the basic problem is not lack of potential sources of funding for R&D activities but, above all, an insufficient knowledge of financial opportunities and the entrepreneurs’ belief that these funds are beyond their reach. Any form of public support to entrepreneurs is still associated with excessive bureaucracy, too many formal requirements and, finally, a small probability of receiving it. Therefore, enterprises don’t even try to apply for such support. The article presents basic statistics relating to the R&D sector in Poland and the main forms of national and European support for R&D performed within the business sector.

scholarly journals Innovation Activity and Competitiveness of Manufacturing Divisions in Poland

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-143
Author(s):  
Maria Grzelak
Keyword(s):  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Technological Level ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Level Of Aggregation ◽  
The Impact

Increasing processes of globalization and integration in the word economy, dynamic market changes and growing social demands cause that particular sections of the national economy and their divisions as well as enterprises operating in them, become more and more often participants of competitive activity. According to M. Porter getting competitive advantage is possible only by means of innovation activity, and the capacity of industry for innovation and increasing technological level decide about competitiveness of the whole economy. That is why in present-day economic researches it is so important to define relations between competitiveness and innovation activity of enterprises. The objective of the article is an attempt to describe quantitatively the impact of outlays on research and development and outlays on innovation on three selected characteristics defining competitiveness of manufacturing enterprises. These characteristics are: gross value added, sold production and labour productivity. In the research were used statistical data of Central Statistical Office showing amounts of particular types of outlays divided into particular manufacturing divisions (section D, the Polish Classification of Activities) in the period 1999-2008. the analysis was conducted by means of panel models, where the basic period is calendar year, and the objects are manufacturing divisions on two-digit level of aggregation.

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