scholarly journals Household purchasing of cheap alcohol: Who would be most affected by minimum unit pricing?

2018 ◽  
pp. 11-29
Author(s):  
Ourega-Zoé Ejebu ◽  
Lynda McKenzie ◽  
Anne Ludbrook
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Average Alcohol ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Unit Pricing ◽  
The Impact

Minimum unit pricing of alcohol has been proposed as a more effective policy for reducing alcohol-related harms than general taxation. Growing international evidence points to its effectiveness in targeting high risk drinkers, but concerns about the impact on low risk drinkers and those on low incomes remain. This paper uniquely models the potential effect on both low risk and low income purchasers in a Scottish subsample of UK panel data from introducing a minimum unit price and addresses the impact of missing income data on the results. Weekly household purchases of cheap off-sales alcohol from Kantar Worldpanel (2008-2010) are analysed using Hausman-Taylor, Tobit and OLS models. Explanatory variables include economic and demographic characteristics of the households, average alcohol purchasing level for all off-sales alcohol, and characteristics of alcohol products purchased. The number of cheap alcohol units purchased are predicted by income group and purchasing level. Results indicate that the amount of cheap alcohol purchased is positively associated with the average purchasing level for all off-sales alcohol. Lower occupational group is associated with purchasing more units of cheap alcohol. Type of alcohol and purchasing alcohol on promotion are also highly significant. Predicted quantities of cheap alcohol purchased are not higher for the low-income group. Households in the top decile of alcohol purchasing level are predicted to purchase between 18 units of cheap alcohol weekly (low income) and 24 units (intermediate income). There was no evidence of bias due to missing income data. Minimum unit pricing for alcohol will have most impact on households purchasing the most alcohol, at all income levels. Restrictions on promotions should be considered as these are also associated with increased purchasing of cheap alcohol. Published: Online April 2018.

scholarly journals The Impact of Urban Recreation Environment on Residents’ Happiness—Based on a Case Study in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5549
Author(s):  
Lei Kang ◽  
Zhaoping Yang ◽  
Fang Han
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Indirect Impact ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Urban Recreation

Rapid urbanization promotes the expansion of urban tourism and recreation functions, but it also brings many problems, which affect residents’ happiness. Previous studies have emphasized the direct impact of urban recreation environment on happiness, and few have explored the indirect impact of urban recreation environment on happiness through subjective evaluation. Based on the survey data of nearly 10,000 permanent residents in 40 key tourism cities in China, this paper establishes a theoretical framework of the direct and indirect impact of urban recreation environment on happiness. The objective evaluation of natural recreation environment and sociocultural recreation environment has an important influence on happiness, but the influence of natural recreation environment is greater than that of sociocultural recreation environment. Individual subjective satisfaction with urban recreation environment mediates the relationship between urban objective environment and happiness. Urban parks have a positive effect on happiness, while tourist attractions have a negative effect. The influence of urban location on happiness is nonlinear. The high-income group is more sensitive to the recreation environment, while the low-income group is less sensitive to the recreation environment. These findings provide insights for further improving citizens’ quality of life and designing urban construction in developing countries under the conditions of rapid urbanization.

scholarly journals The Effect of Government Policy on Housing Delivery in Nigeria: A Case Study of Port Harcourt Low Income Housing Programme

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Owuike Iheme ◽  
James Bassey Effiong ◽  
Samuel Bassey Ekung
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Mortgage Market ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
High Interest Rate ◽  
Housing Needs ◽  
The Impact

Housing is one of the most important needs of individuals next to food and clothing. Housing needs for low income earners has reached an alarming stage in Nigeria. On the supply side, numerous government policies have earlier aimed at disabling the massive shortage through numerous housing reform programmes. Despite these preceding efforts, housing remains an illusion to an average Nigerian. This research assessed the effect of government policy on housing delivery in Nigeria. The objectives were to determine housing needs of the low income group in Nigeria and to determine the impact of government policies on affordable housing provision to the low income group. Survey method was used to collect data from 44 respondents through the administration of questionnaires which was analyzed with statistical tools. The findings from the study shows that insufficient fund is closely related to other finance related factors identified as barriers to the accessibility of public housing by the low income group who are non-public servants. Such factors as high interest rate, low per capita income, lack of security of income, lack of collateral and high cost of public houses. The study suggest the creation of a viable secondary mortgage market, improvement of land registration and allocation, compassionate urban renewal programmes, cost saving house designs amongst others.

scholarly journals A Study on the Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions in Serving the Low-Income Group in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 339-353
Author(s):  
Nur Harena Redzuan ◽  
Amir Abidin Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Poverty Eradication ◽  
The People ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

A microfinance scheme was introduced in Malaysia in the year 1987 as one of the alternatives to poverty eradication strategies in the country by the government. Since then, several institutions have created to carry out the agenda of providing small loans to the low-income group to start up their small-scale business to generate more sources of income to support their household consumption. However, for a certain reason, the people still do not find microfinance an important tool to uplift their economic positions. Most of the low-income groups are still unaware of this golden opportunity tailored for them. Besides, the sustainability of these subsidized microfinance systems implemented by Malaysia had not been appropriately studied. This study explores the attractiveness of the products offered by microfinance institutions and emphasizes the option that the participants must start utilizing the product. This research also explores microfinance facilities that contain conventional finance element which is prohibited in Islamic trade. The study also discusses the measures and actions taken by microfinance institutions in serving the low-income group in Malaysia. This paper employs a qualitative method through interviews and content analysis. The report, journal publications, and other related documents were also analyzed in achieving the objectives. The study provides the impact that it may pave the way to an indistinct understanding of how Islamic microfinance institutions sustain their operations.

The Consumer Economics of Unit Pricing

1973 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans R. Isakson ◽  
Alex R. Maurizi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Consumer Economics ◽  
Food Stores ◽  
Lower Ability ◽  
Unit Pricing ◽  
Labeling System

The introduction of unit pricing in food stores makes it easier for shoppers to choose cheaper items. Low-income shoppers, however, do not appear to make significant use of unit pricing in contrast to the middle-income and high-income shoppers who do. The explanation could lie in their lower ability to understand the unit price labeling system making it difficult to capture the benefits of its use.

scholarly journals Nonlinear Dynamics in the Finance-Inequality Nexus in China-CHNS Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Masudur Rahman ◽  
Guan Fuquan ◽  
Laila Arjuman Ara
Keyword(s):  
Financial Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Quantile Regression Model ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

This paper empirically investigates the effects of financial development on incomes of Chinese residents particularly within various income groups using data from six provinces by applying the Quantile Regression model. The Greenwood and Jovanovich hypothesis that illustrates the inverted U shaped relationship between financial development and income inequality is tested. This empirical study demonstrates that financial development has a positive but non-linear effect on the annual income of individuals from various income groups at different quantiles. The effect is an inverted U or Kuznets effect indicating an increase at first and then a drop. As for the distribution of the impact on various income groups, the low-income group is under the most dominant influence followed by the high-income group with the middle-income groups receiving relatively smaller influence. Findings indicate that promoting balanced financial development would help to ease the income gap between Chinese residents.

scholarly journals ROLE OF EDUCATION IN WOMEN EMPOWERMENT: A CASE OF RURAL PUNJAB, PAKISTA

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manan Aslam, Muhammad Aslam, Muhammad Ahsin Ayub
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
The Impact

The study investigated the impact of major factors influencing the women education in district Faisalabad. The multi-stage sampling technique was used to collect the data. The Faisalabad district was selected for this purpose. The tehsils of Faisalabad district were Faisalabad, ChakJhumra, Jaranwala, Summandri and Tandianwala. The data was collected in three phases. In first phase tehsil Faisalabad was selected and in second phase the tehsil Faisalabad was categorized into three segments based on the income distribution, the first segment represented the low-income class of the society and the second category represents the middle-class areas and the later represents the higher income group families. While in the third phase, the two areas from each class were selected for data collection using random sampling technique. The 40 respondents were selected from each class i.e. lower income, middle income and higher income. The total sample size was consisted of 120 respondents. The comprehensive questionnaire carried the information including social and economic conditions of the household was designed data collection. The data was analyzed using statistical packages for social sciences SPSS. The study inferred that the women education was influenced by the rising poverty, family income and social barriers. Finally, the study recommended that government should take steps in reducing poverty by establishing departments that raises the employment rate for women so that peoples don’t neglect the major portion of social capital the females.   

scholarly journals Overview on built environment planning: Residential overhang factors in malaysia affordable housing

2021 ◽  
Vol 881 (1) ◽  
pp. 012018
Author(s):  
S M Adzhar ◽  
N A Rahim ◽  
N Basrah ◽  
R A Majid ◽  
S Mustafar
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Target Market ◽  
Property Market ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Property Type ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Affordable housing remains a prevalent issue in the country. The definition suggests affordable housing as adequate housing in quality, location, and known as not so costly that prevents its occupants from meeting other essential living needs. In the effort of providing sufficient affordable housing, various affordable housing programs, namely Residensi Wilayah and PR1MA, are currently in the market with the aims to develop and deliver new affordable housing, which targeted the middle-and low-income group. Although the lacking of affordable housing persists, the severe glut in the property market has also records to reach an all-time high. The overhang crisis in the country became an infamous issue in the country with the slow market, which led to the increase in the overhang unit’s statistics year over a year which partially in affordable housing segmentation. It is highlighted that the overhang in affordable housing has shown significant rising despites of its strong demand. This paper attempts to examine the overhang issue in affordable housing in Malaysia and related factors. This research will add up some points of discussion as regards the impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic towards the issue of affordable housing and the strategies in reducing the overhang issue during the pandemic. A review of the past literature related to the topics was carried out and data derived from journals, reports, and websites were gathered and examined to establish the framework on this issue and to identify the overhang factors in affordable housing. The developers are urged to build houses that can cater to the demand of buyers in terms of the property type, location, and also price range. The overhang units did not attract the target market while the product mismatch is one of the contributing factors. Other related factors are affordability, high living costs, and stagnant income growth, cooling measures, financing, unsuitable location, accessibility, the lack of timely and accurate data of buyer’s preference including the shift in demand towards the better-quality project. A study on the overhang factors of affordable housing is needed to resolve the issue, or else, the overhang issue will be worsened and will create a lot of negative impacts in the future. At the end of the research, the list of the property overhang factors and its framework able to be identified and to be used as guidelines and references to the public.

scholarly journals Did More Generous Health Insurance Improve Health Outcomes of The Elderly? Evidence From China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jusheng Shieh ◽  
Xinpeng Xu ◽  
Hua You ◽  
Qifeng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Heckman Selection Model ◽  
Healthy Longevity ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Catastrophic Medical Insurance (CMI) has been piloted in China Since 2012 and gradually implemented in various regions. Most studies focus on its impact on medical economic risks, and few studies discussed the impact of CMI on health of the elderly.Methods: This study used Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) data to explore the impact of CMI on health of the elderly. Difference-in-differences (DID) and Propensity score matching-DID were employed to study the health impact of CMI. Heckman selection model was used to study the potential mechanisms.Results: We found that the implementation of CMI improved the mental health of the elderly, and the effect was limited. Moreover, the positive effect of CMI on the health of the elderly was mainly in the high-income group, and CMI had no significant effect on any health indicators of the low-income group population. The potential channel of CMI health improvement was its ability to increase hospitalization rate in the elderly. Conclusions: Therefore, the health promotion and equity of CMI deserve more attention, and the compensation level of CMI needs to be improved under the premise of sustainable and effective supervision of the fund.

Inequality in Ireland 1987-1994: A Comparison Using Measures of Income and Consumption>

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald O’Neil ◽  
Olive Sweetman
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Household Budget Survey ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Household Budget

This article provides a detailed description of recent trends in inequality in Ireland. To date most of the analysis of inequality in Ireland has used income data. We supplement this with detailed data on individual expenditure taken from the Household Budget Survey. While the results on inequality are not sensitive to the choice of resource measure used, we find that the composition of the low-spending group and the low-income group differ.

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