scholarly journals The Impact of Urban Recreation Environment on Residents’ Happiness—Based on a Case Study in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5549
Author(s):  
Lei Kang ◽  
Zhaoping Yang ◽  
Fang Han
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Indirect Impact ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Urban Recreation

Rapid urbanization promotes the expansion of urban tourism and recreation functions, but it also brings many problems, which affect residents’ happiness. Previous studies have emphasized the direct impact of urban recreation environment on happiness, and few have explored the indirect impact of urban recreation environment on happiness through subjective evaluation. Based on the survey data of nearly 10,000 permanent residents in 40 key tourism cities in China, this paper establishes a theoretical framework of the direct and indirect impact of urban recreation environment on happiness. The objective evaluation of natural recreation environment and sociocultural recreation environment has an important influence on happiness, but the influence of natural recreation environment is greater than that of sociocultural recreation environment. Individual subjective satisfaction with urban recreation environment mediates the relationship between urban objective environment and happiness. Urban parks have a positive effect on happiness, while tourist attractions have a negative effect. The influence of urban location on happiness is nonlinear. The high-income group is more sensitive to the recreation environment, while the low-income group is less sensitive to the recreation environment. These findings provide insights for further improving citizens’ quality of life and designing urban construction in developing countries under the conditions of rapid urbanization.

scholarly journals Nonlinear Dynamics in the Finance-Inequality Nexus in China-CHNS Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Masudur Rahman ◽  
Guan Fuquan ◽  
Laila Arjuman Ara
Keyword(s):  
Financial Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Quantile Regression Model ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

This paper empirically investigates the effects of financial development on incomes of Chinese residents particularly within various income groups using data from six provinces by applying the Quantile Regression model. The Greenwood and Jovanovich hypothesis that illustrates the inverted U shaped relationship between financial development and income inequality is tested. This empirical study demonstrates that financial development has a positive but non-linear effect on the annual income of individuals from various income groups at different quantiles. The effect is an inverted U or Kuznets effect indicating an increase at first and then a drop. As for the distribution of the impact on various income groups, the low-income group is under the most dominant influence followed by the high-income group with the middle-income groups receiving relatively smaller influence. Findings indicate that promoting balanced financial development would help to ease the income gap between Chinese residents.

scholarly journals Did More Generous Health Insurance Improve Health Outcomes of The Elderly? Evidence From China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jusheng Shieh ◽  
Xinpeng Xu ◽  
Hua You ◽  
Qifeng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Heckman Selection Model ◽  
Healthy Longevity ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Catastrophic Medical Insurance (CMI) has been piloted in China Since 2012 and gradually implemented in various regions. Most studies focus on its impact on medical economic risks, and few studies discussed the impact of CMI on health of the elderly.Methods: This study used Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) data to explore the impact of CMI on health of the elderly. Difference-in-differences (DID) and Propensity score matching-DID were employed to study the health impact of CMI. Heckman selection model was used to study the potential mechanisms.Results: We found that the implementation of CMI improved the mental health of the elderly, and the effect was limited. Moreover, the positive effect of CMI on the health of the elderly was mainly in the high-income group, and CMI had no significant effect on any health indicators of the low-income group population. The potential channel of CMI health improvement was its ability to increase hospitalization rate in the elderly. Conclusions: Therefore, the health promotion and equity of CMI deserve more attention, and the compensation level of CMI needs to be improved under the premise of sustainable and effective supervision of the fund.

scholarly journals International Environmental Efficiency Trends and the Impact of the Paris Agreement

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4503
Author(s):  
Wen-Chi Yang ◽  
Wen-Min Lu ◽  
Alagu Perumal Ramasamy
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
High Income ◽  
Environmental Efficiency ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The Impact

This study estimates the environmental efficiency of 150 economies during the period of 2010–2017 to understand the environmental efficiency trend worldwide. This research adopts the meta-Malmquist approach to compare and capture the dynamic change in environmental efficiency among different income groups. The empirical results indicate that among the four income groups, only the low-income group suffers from regression in terms of environmental efficiency, while the high-income group achieves the greatest progress. For the high-income group, the source of improvement originates from the frontier shift rather than from efficiency change. By contrast, the improvement of the lower-income groups results from the catching-up effect. With regard to the effect of the Paris Agreement, only the lower middle-income group exhibits a statistical difference between the two periods, and environmental efficiency increases after the adoption of the Paris Agreement. The fight against global warming cannot succeed by relying only on specific countries. The whole world must cooperate and improve together, and thus, additional help must be devoted to the low-income group. The statistical results support that differences exist in terms of environmental efficiency among the four income groups. In particular, the low-income group is deteriorating.

scholarly journals Negative childhood experiences and health inequalities among adults over 45: Evidence from China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiwei Liu ◽  
Li Diao ◽  
Ling Xu
Keyword(s):  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Concentration Index ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Growing health inequalities have become an important challenge for Chinese society. This study analyses the impact of negative childhood experiences on health among Chinese adults over 45.Methods This study utilized data from the 2014 Life Course Survey under the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, with a total sample of 5,842 adults over the age of 45. This paper used a linear regression model to analyse the factors affecting the self-rated health of respondents. The concentration index was then used to measure the degree of health inequality, and finally, we decomposed the concentration index.Results The regression results showed that negative childhood experiences had a significant negative impact on the health of adults over 45 (β = -0.021, p < .000). The concentration index decomposition found that negative childhood experiences was associated with more health inequalities. The elasticity coefficient for negative childhood experiences was -0.119, the concentration index of negative childhood experiences was -0.019, and the contribution to health inequalities was 12.86%. The mechanism test and analysis found that negative childhood experiences have a greater negative impact on the health of the low-income group than on that of the high-income group. In fact, negative childhood experiences have reduced the socioeconomic status of respondents, leading to a decline in healthcare utilization, which has increased health inequalities in China.Conclusion This study found that negative childhood experiences was associated with health inequalities among adults over 45 in China. To improve the health of residents and to reduce health inequalities, more help and health interventions should be offered to groups with negative childhood experiences.

Do China's Plywood Exports Depend on Trade Partners? Evidence from the Gravity Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
Xue Feng ◽  
John M. Zobel ◽  
Guochun Wu ◽  
Donald G. Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Low Income ◽  
National Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Trade Partners

Abstract A gravity model was formulated to identify the factors related to China's plywood exports and examine whether the impact of factors depended on trade partners using panel data from 2005 to 2015. The data set was divided into three groups based on the income of trade partners. The findings reveal that the factors performed differently in the three groups. For the high income group, gross domestic product (GDP), per capita gross national income (GNI), the ratio of per capita forest area, and Open were related to China's plywood exports. GDP, the ratio of per capita forest area, exchange rate, and Open were correlated to China's plywood export for the middle income group. In the low income group, per capita GNI, the ratio of per capita forest area, Open and Free Trade Agreements were significantly related to China's plywood exports.

scholarly journals SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS AFFECTING PATIENT COMPLIANCE TO LONG-TERM THERAPIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
SHAKEEL AHMAD MIR
Keyword(s):  
Patient Compliance ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Adherence Scale ◽  
Study Population

Objective: The aim is to study the effect of various sociodemographic factors on patient compliance in long-term therapies. Methods: This is a questionnaire-based study of 195 adult outdoor patients suffering from chronic illnesses and receiving long-term drug therapy. Various sociodemographic factors were noted in a validated questionnaire. Questions about drugs being taken were asked. The compliance was measured by General Medication Adherence Scale. Results: The study population consists of 51.3% of males and 48.7% of females. About 39.0% of participants were literate and 61.0% were illiterate. About 72.3% belonged to the rural area, 13.3% urban, and 14.4% to the main city. About 33.3% were self-employed or unemployed, 17.4% government employees, and 49.3% were private employees. About 20.0% belonged to high-income group, and 40.0% to middle- and 40.0% to low-income group. Statistically significant correlation was found between compliance and age, gender, area of residence, education, and marital status (p<0.05). Better compliance was observed in men, unmarried,middle-aged, literate, and urban populations. Conclusions: We conclude that some sociodemographic factors correlate with compliance to long-term therapies.

scholarly journals The Effect of Government Policy on Housing Delivery in Nigeria: A Case Study of Port Harcourt Low Income Housing Programme

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Owuike Iheme ◽  
James Bassey Effiong ◽  
Samuel Bassey Ekung
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Mortgage Market ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
High Interest Rate ◽  
Housing Needs ◽  
The Impact

Housing is one of the most important needs of individuals next to food and clothing. Housing needs for low income earners has reached an alarming stage in Nigeria. On the supply side, numerous government policies have earlier aimed at disabling the massive shortage through numerous housing reform programmes. Despite these preceding efforts, housing remains an illusion to an average Nigerian. This research assessed the effect of government policy on housing delivery in Nigeria. The objectives were to determine housing needs of the low income group in Nigeria and to determine the impact of government policies on affordable housing provision to the low income group. Survey method was used to collect data from 44 respondents through the administration of questionnaires which was analyzed with statistical tools. The findings from the study shows that insufficient fund is closely related to other finance related factors identified as barriers to the accessibility of public housing by the low income group who are non-public servants. Such factors as high interest rate, low per capita income, lack of security of income, lack of collateral and high cost of public houses. The study suggest the creation of a viable secondary mortgage market, improvement of land registration and allocation, compassionate urban renewal programmes, cost saving house designs amongst others.

scholarly journals A Study on the Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions in Serving the Low-Income Group in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 339-353
Author(s):  
Nur Harena Redzuan ◽  
Amir Abidin Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Poverty Eradication ◽  
The People ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

A microfinance scheme was introduced in Malaysia in the year 1987 as one of the alternatives to poverty eradication strategies in the country by the government. Since then, several institutions have created to carry out the agenda of providing small loans to the low-income group to start up their small-scale business to generate more sources of income to support their household consumption. However, for a certain reason, the people still do not find microfinance an important tool to uplift their economic positions. Most of the low-income groups are still unaware of this golden opportunity tailored for them. Besides, the sustainability of these subsidized microfinance systems implemented by Malaysia had not been appropriately studied. This study explores the attractiveness of the products offered by microfinance institutions and emphasizes the option that the participants must start utilizing the product. This research also explores microfinance facilities that contain conventional finance element which is prohibited in Islamic trade. The study also discusses the measures and actions taken by microfinance institutions in serving the low-income group in Malaysia. This paper employs a qualitative method through interviews and content analysis. The report, journal publications, and other related documents were also analyzed in achieving the objectives. The study provides the impact that it may pave the way to an indistinct understanding of how Islamic microfinance institutions sustain their operations.

scholarly journals Healthy living practices in families and child health: 5-year follow-up of Taiwan Birth Cohort Study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. e033613
Author(s):  
Yi-Ching Lin ◽  
Yi-Fan Li ◽  
Tung-liang Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
School Age ◽  
Healthy Living ◽  
High Level ◽  
Taiwan Birth Cohort Study

ObjectivesWe have previously developed the Child Healthy Living Practices in Family (CHLPF) Index and found that the CHLPF Index was concurrently associated with the health of children at age 3. In this follow-up study, we aimed to examine whether healthy living practices in family at age 3 predicted health of children at school age.Design and settingData came from the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study designed to assess the development and health of 24 200 children born in 2005.ParticipantsA total of 18 553 cohort members whose mothers or primary caregivers had completed 6-month, 3-year, 5-year and 8-year surveys were included for analysis, representing a response rate of 87.3%.Outcome measuresA multiple logistic regression model was used to test the relationship between mother-rated children’s health at age 8 and the CHLPF Index level, after controlling for sex, birth outcomes, family structure, parental education, residential area, family income and mother-rated child’s health at age 3.ResultsThe percentage of mother-rated good health at age 8 was 79.7%. Compared with the low CHLPF level, the adjusted OR of mother-rated good health was 1.38 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.60), 1.21 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.35) and 1.17 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.29), respectively, for high, high–low and mid-low CHLPF levels. Moreover, the prevalence of mother-rated good health at age 8 with high-level CHLPF Index in the low-income group was similar to that of the high-income group (83.72% vs 84.18%); the prevalence with low-level CHLPF Index in the low-income group was much lower than that of the high-income group (70.21% vs 78.98%).ConclusionsOur study underscores that high level of healthy living practices in early childhood is positively associated with good health at school age, particularly for children from disadvantaged families.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous Impacts of Basic Social Health Insurance on Medical Expenditure: Evidence from China’s New Cooperative Medical Scheme

Healthcare ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang ◽  
He ◽  
Rozelle ◽  
Shi ◽  
Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Social Health Insurance ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Medical Expenditure ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
New Cooperative Medical Scheme ◽  
Health Group ◽  
Cooperative Medical Scheme ◽  
Low Income Groups

This paper examines the effects of China’s New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) on medical expenditure. Utilizing the quasi-random rollout of the NCMS for a difference-in-difference analysis, we find that the NCMS increased medical expenditure by 12.3%. Most significantly, the good-health group witnessed a 22.1% rise in medical expenditure, and the high-income group saw a rise of 20.6%. The effects, however, were not significant among the poor-health or low-income groups. The findings are suggestive of the need for more help for the very poor and less healthy.

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