scholarly journals An Empirical Study of the Ratio of the Road Distance to the Straight Line Distance in Major Cities in Japan

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masatoshi MORITA ◽  
Katsuya SUZUKI ◽  
Kei-ichi OKUNUKI
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
The Road ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Straight Line Distance ◽  
Road Distance

scholarly journals Dispersal of Potato Cyst Nematodes Measured Using Historical and Spatial Statistical Analyses

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 620-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Banks ◽  
M. Hodda ◽  
S. K. Singh ◽  
E. M. Matveeva
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Detection Distance ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
Linear Distance ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Straight Line Distance ◽  
Road Distance

Rates and modes of dispersal of potato cyst nematodes (PCNs) were investigated. Analysis of records from eight countries suggested that PCNs spread a mean distance of 5.3 km/year radially from the site of first detection, and spread 212 km over ≈40 years before detection. Data from four countries with more detailed histories of invasion were analyzed further, using distance from first detection, distance from previous detection, distance from nearest detection, straight line distance, and road distance. Linear distance from first detection was significantly related to the time since the first detection. Estimated rate of spread was 5.7 km/year, and did not differ statistically between countries. Time between the first detection and estimated introduction date varied between 0 and 20 years, and differed among countries. Road distances from nearest and first detection were statistically significantly related to time, and gave slightly higher estimates for rate of spread of 6.0 and 7.9 km/year, respectively. These results indicate that the original site of introduction of PCNs may act as a source for subsequent spread and that this may occur at a relatively constant rate over time regardless of whether this distance is measured by road or by a straight line. The implications of this constant radial rate of dispersal for biosecurity and pest management are discussed, along with the effects of control strategies.

scholarly journals Does Distance Still Matter For Internal Migration And, If So, How? Evidence From 1986 To 2006

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omoniyi Alimi ◽  
David Mare ◽  
Jacques Poot
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Socioeconomic Differences ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Straight Line Distance ◽  
Deterrence Effect ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Road Distance

In this paper we re-examine the structure of internal migration flows in New Zealand.  We use data on gross migration flows between the 39 main and secondary urban areas for the four intercensal periods between 1986 and 2006.  We confirm that the gravity model – in which migration is inversely related to distance – fits the data well, and that the way in which distance is measured (travel time, road distance or straight-line distance) matters to some extent for the goodness of fit of the model. We also show that some forms of socioeconomic differences influence migration in the same way as distance. Perhaps surprisingly, we find that the deterrence effect of distance on migration was increasing, at least until 2001. Improvements in connectivity through reduced travel time have not increased migration flows. 

scholarly journals Locomotion postural variability and coordination in boys with overweight

2021 ◽  
pp. 105971232110240
Author(s):  
Shahab Parvinpour ◽  
Marzie Balali ◽  
Mohsen Shafizadeh ◽  
Fatemeh Samimi Pazhuh ◽  
Michael Duncan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Approximate Entropy ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Multiscale Entropy ◽  
Body Movements ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Straight Line Distance

The purpose of this study was to examine the variability and coordination of postural adaptations in normal weight children and those with overweight in running and hopping. Fifty-six boys between 7 and 10 years were classified into groups as overweight ( n = 33) or normal-weight ( n = 23). They performed two trials of running and hopping over a 20-m straight line distance. Accelerometers were attached on the trunk and head for collecting body movements in different directions from 15 strides. Postural variability and coordination were calculated by multiscale entropy and cross approximate entropy for the running and hopping trials, separately. Findings highlight overweight boys had significantly higher trunk-head coordination in mediolateral direction than normal-weight boys (0.72 vs. 0.68). The hopping movement pattern had highest variability (9.88 vs. 8.77) and trunk–head coordination (0.61 vs. 0.67) than running. Excess body mass demands additional postural adaptations to compensate for reducing the risk of losing balance laterally in boys with overweight.

Dispersal patterns in a regional koala population in south-east Queensland

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 281 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Dique ◽  
Jim Thompson ◽  
Harriet J. Preece ◽  
Deidré L. de Villiers ◽  
Frank N. Carrick
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
The Social ◽  
Straight Line Distance ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Natal Home

Koala dispersal was investigated as part of a detailed ecological study of a nationally significant koala population located 20 km south-east of Brisbane, Queensland. From 1996 to 2000, 195 koalas from three sites were captured and fitted with radio-collars. A total of 40 koalas (23 males and 17 females) dispersed from these sites. Most (93%) dispersing individuals were 20–36 months of age. Three adult females (more than 36 months old) dispersed and no adult males dispersed during the study. A significantly higher proportion of young males dispersed than females. Dispersal occurred between June and December, with most dispersal of males commencing in July and August and that of females commencing between September and November prior to, and early in, the annual breeding season. The mean straight-line distance between the natal and breeding home ranges for males and females was similar and was measured at 3.5 km (range 1.1–9.7 km) and 3.4 km (range 0.3–10.6 km) respectively. Dispersing males and females tended to successfully disperse south and west of their natal home ranges and were generally unable to successfully disperse to urban areas within the study area, as a high proportion of the mortality of dispersing koalas was associated with attacks by domestic dogs and with collisions with vehicles on roads. Information from other studies indicates that most young koalas disperse from their natal areas. It is likely that the social behaviour and mating systems of koala populations provide mechanisms for young koalas to disperse. The potential role of dispersal in the dynamics of regional koala populations is discussed.

scholarly journals Analyzing Drivers’ Distractions due to Smartphone Usage: Evidence from AutoLog Dataset

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Inayat Khan ◽  
Sanam Shahla Rizvi ◽  
Shah Khusro ◽  
Shaukat Ali ◽  
Tae-Sun Chung
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
User Interfaces ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Context Aware ◽  
The Road ◽  
Adaptive User Interfaces ◽  
Driver Distractions

The usage of a smartphone while driving has been declared a global portent and has been admitted as a leading cause of crashes and accidents. Numerous solutions, such as Android Auto and CarPlay, are used to facilitate for the drivers by minimizing driver distractions. However, these solutions restrict smartphone usage, which is impractical in real driving scenarios. This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the available solutions to identify issues in smartphone activities. We have used empirical evaluation and dataset-based evaluation to investigate the issues in the existing smartphone user interfaces. The results show that using smartphones while driving can disrupt normal driving and may lead to change the steering wheel abruptly, focus off the road, and increases cognitive load, which could collectively result in a devastating situation. To justify the arguments, we have conducted an empirical study by collecting data using maxed mode survey, i.e., questionnaires and interviews from 98 drivers. The results show that existing smartphone-based solutions are least suitable due to numerous issues (e.g., complex and rich interfaces, redundant and time-consuming activities, requiring much visual and mental attention, and contextual constraints), making their effectiveness less viable for the drivers. Based on findings obtained from Ordinal Logistic Regression (OLR) models, it is recommended that the interactions between the drivers and smartphone could be minimized by developing context-aware adaptive user interfaces to overcome the chances of accidents.

An Empirical Study to Find the Road-map for Understanding Online Buying Practices of Indian Youths

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhajit Bhattachary ◽  
Vijeta Anand
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Online Retail ◽  
Online Store ◽  
The Road ◽  
Brand Association ◽  
Road Map ◽  
High Level ◽  
Online Buying

The growing importance & popularity of online buying is very much substantial and quite evident in India these days. In this present study, there is a truthful attempt to identify the component which are having connections with online retail brand association and studding the process to construct brand association with the effects of the different influencers pertaining to online buying. The present study also focuses in explaining how that brand association converts into buying intentions of Indian youth customer. The research is based on empirical data. The outcomes of this current research will be helpful for the online marketers, online store developers, online store promotion managers and consultants to take a deeper look into what best can be done with the online retail brands to generate a high level of connectivity with the Indian youth market.

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