Heads over Tails? An Exploration of Anatomical Arrangement within Cremation Urns from Bronze Age Hungary.

Author(s):  
Kylie Williamson ◽  
Erika Danella ◽  
Jaime Ullinger ◽  
László Paja ◽  
Julia Giblin

Although cremation is a well-known and common method of mortuary treatment in prehistory, there is a relative lack of archaeological literature concerning post-burning rituals. A search of the Human Relations Area Files for ethnographic data on post-burning cremation practices reveals a wide variety of practices, suggesting that the examination of the deposition of cremated remains in the archaeological record should also be a fruitful avenue for research. This study introduces a simple yet broadly applicable statistical method for evaluating one aspect of the post-burning process in the archaeological record: the arrangement of bone fragments within burial urns. The ratio of cranial to postcranial elements was calculated for each level of microexcavated funerary urns from Békés 103, a Bronze Age cemetery located in southeastern Hungary. At contemporaneous sites in the Carpathian Basin, archaeologists have reported the practice of placing bones in urns in anatomical order with the extremities located at the bottom of the vessel and the crania located on top. This pattern was notevident at the Békés 103 cemetery; however, this does not suggest there was not intentionality in the manner in which individuals were treated after death. Instead, the homogeneity of the distribution of cremated remains within urns may point to other mortuary practices. This study develops a useful method to systematically examine spatial aspects of cremated human bone from large cemeteries that can be used to better understand post-burning rituals in the past.   A hamvasztás az őstörténet korszakaiban jól ismert és elterjedt szokás, ennek ellenére a régészeti irodalmi források kevés esetben tesznek említést az esetleges hamvasztást követő rítusokról. A Human Relations Area Files (eHRAF) adatbázisában a hamvasztást követő rítusok néprajzi párhuzamai változatos szokásokról számolnak be, amely arra enged következtetni, hogy a régészeti lelőhelyekről származó hamvasztásos anyagok hasonló kutatása szintén új információkkal szolgálhat a kutatás számára. Jelen tanulmányunk egyszerű, de széles körben alkalmazható statisztikai módszer bemutatására vállalkozik, amely segítségével a hamvasztást követő lépések egyikére következtethetünk; a hamvasztott csontanyag urnán belüli térbeli elrendeződésére kaphatunk választ. Vizsgálataink során a koponyatöredékek és posztkraniális vázelemek arányának meghatározása történt meg a bronzkorhoz köthető Békés-103 lelőhely (Délkelet-Magyarország)hamvasztásos urnáinak mikroásatása során elkülönített rétegekben. A hasonló régészeti korhoz köthető leírásokban fellelhetők a maradványok anatómiai elkülönülése, a végtagokhoz tartozó csontrészletek az urna alsó részében, a koponya elemei pedig az urna felső részében jelentek meg. Ez az elrendeződés a Békés-103 lelőhelyen nem volt nyilvánvaló, ami nem jelenti az egyén halálát követő lépések esetében a szándékosság hiányát. Az elrendeződésben megfigyelhető homogenitás egyéb, a halált követő rítusok, lépések jelenlétére utalhat. Jelen tanulmány egy olyan, a hamvasztott maradványok térbeli elrendeződésének szisztematikus vizsgálatára alkalmas módszer bemutatására vállalkozik, amely nagy méretű temetők esetében is alkalmazható, így hozzájárulhat a hamvasztást követő temetkezési lépéseinek jobb megértéséhez.

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Bradley

This article, which is based on the fourteenth McDonald Lecture, considers two tensions in contemporary archaeology. One is between interpretations of specific structures, monuments and deposits as the result of either ‘ritual’ or ‘practical’ activities in the past, and the other is between an archaeology that focuses on subsistence and adaptation and one that emphasizes cognition, meaning, and agency. It suggests that these tensions arise from an inadequate conception of ritual itself. Drawing on recent studies of ritualization, it suggests that it might be more helpful to consider how aspects of domestic life took on special qualities in later prehistoric Europe. The discussion is based mainly on Neolithic enclosures and other monuments, Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement sites and the Viereckschanzen of central Europe. It may have implications for field archaeology as well as social archaeology, and also for those who study the formation of the archaeological record.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-104
Author(s):  
Anders Kaliff ◽  
Terje Oestigaard

Disembodied remains of corpses are often found in the archaeological record but seldom interpreted and understood. This mortuary practice challenges our traditional understanding of funerals and what constitutcs a "grave". Through a comparative analysis of prehistoric Bronze Age and Iron Age mortuary remai ns and contemporary funeral practices in Nepal, it is argued that the disembodiment is a cosmogonic act whereby the corpse is an intrinsic part of the agricultural and hydrological cycle. An explicit combination of the past and present for interpretations of the past is a premise for understanding and knowledge production in archaeology, and this theoretical stance is developed and explored.


Radiocarbon ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 1350-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kidong Bae ◽  
Christopher J Bae ◽  
Jong Chan Kim

The Neolithic in Korea began around 10,000 BP and is the period when many substantial changes appear in the archaeological record. In particular, one of the important changes is from a subsistence strategy that relied primarily on hunted, fished, and collected food packages to a diet that by the beginning of the Bronze Age (∼3500 BP) saw intensive agriculture as the primary form of sustenance. This paper discusses current research on this topic, in addition to presenting a comprehensive list of raw accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) data from Korean Neolithic sites, particularly data that only became available over the past several years.


The fiery transformation of the dead is replete in our popular culture and Western modernity's death ways, and yet it is increasingly evident how little this disposal method is understood by archaeologists and students of cognate disciplines in the humanities and social sciences. In this regard, the archaeological study of cremation has much to offer. Cremation is a fascinating and widespread theme and entry-point in the exploration of the variability of mortuary practices among past societies. Seeking to challenge simplistic narratives of cremation in the past and present, the studies in this volume seek to confront and explore the challenges of interpreting the variability of cremation by contending with complex networks of modern allusions and imaginings of cremations past and present and ongoing debates regarding how we identify and interpret cremation in the archaeological record. Using a series of original case studies, the book investigates the archaeological traces of cremation in a varied selection of prehistoric and historic contexts from the Mesolithic to the present in order to explore cremation from a practice-oriented and historically situated perspective.


2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
Christina Landman

Dullstroom-Emnotweni is the highest town in South Africa. Cold and misty, it is situated in the eastern Highveld, halfway between the capital Pretoria/Tswane and the Mozambique border. Alongside the main road of the white town, 27 restaurants provide entertainment to tourists on their way to Mozambique or the Kruger National Park. The inhabitants of the black township, Sakhelwe, are remnants of the Southern Ndebele who have lost their land a century ago in wars against the whites. They are mainly dependent on employment as cleaners and waitresses in the still predominantly white town. Three white people from the white town and three black people from the township have been interviewed on their views whether democracy has brought changes to this society during the past 20 years. Answers cover a wide range of views. Gratitude is expressed that women are now safer and HIV treatment available. However, unemployment and poverty persist in a community that nevertheless shows resilience and feeds on hope. While the first part of this article relates the interviews, the final part identifies from them the discourses that keep the black and white communities from forming a group identity that is based on equality and human dignity as the values of democracy.


Author(s):  
Sarah P. Morris

This article assembles examples of an unusual vessel found in domestic contexts of the Early Bronze Age around the Aegean and in the Eastern Mediterranean. Identified as a “barrel vessel” by the excavators of Troy, Lesbos (Thermi), Lemnos (Poliochni), and various sites in the Chalkidike, the shape finds its best parallels in containers identified as churns in the Chalcolithic Levant, and related vessels from the Eneolithic Balkans. Levantine parallels also exist in miniature form, as in the Aegean at Troy, Thermi, and Poliochni, and appear as part of votive figures in the Near East. My interpretation of their use and development will consider how they compare to similar shapes in the archaeological record, especially in Aegean prehistory, and what possible transregional relationships they may express along with their specific function as household processing vessels for dairy products during the third millennium BC.


Author(s):  
Tiziana Pedrotta ◽  
Erika Gobet ◽  
Christoph Schwörer ◽  
Giorgia Beffa ◽  
Christoph Butz ◽  
...  

AbstractKnowledge about the vegetation history of Sardinia, the second largest island of the Mediterranean, is scanty. Here, we present a new sedimentary record covering the past ~ 8,000 years from Lago di Baratz, north-west Sardinia. Vegetation and fire history are reconstructed by pollen, spores, macrofossils and charcoal analyses and environmental dynamics by high-resolution element geochemistry together with pigment analyses. During the period 8,100–7,500 cal bp, when seasonality was high and fire and erosion were frequent, Erica arborea and E. scoparia woodlands dominated the coastal landscape. Subsequently, between 7,500 and 5,500 cal bp, seasonality gradually declined and thermo-mediterranean woodlands with Pistacia and Quercus ilex partially replaced Erica communities under diminished incidence of fire. After 5,500 cal bp, evergreen oak forests expanded markedly, erosion declined and lake levels increased, likely in response to increasing (summer) moisture availability. Increased anthropogenic fire disturbance triggered shrubland expansions (e.g. Tamarix and Pistacia) around 5,000–4,500 cal bp. Subsequently around 4,000–3,500 cal bp evergreen oak-olive forests expanded massively when fire activity declined and lake productivity and anoxia reached Holocene maxima. Land-use activities during the past 4,000 years (since the Bronze Age) gradually disrupted coastal forests, but relict stands persisted under rather stable environmental conditions until ca. 200 cal bp, when agricultural activities intensified and Pinus and Eucalyptus were planted to stabilize the sand dunes. Pervasive prehistoric land-use activities since at least the Bronze Age Nuraghi period included the cultivation of Prunus, Olea europaea and Juglans regia after 3,500–3,300 cal bp, and Quercus suber after 2,500 cal bp. We conclude that restoring less flammable native Q. ilex and O. europaea forest communities would markedly reduce fire risk and erodibility compared to recent forest plantations with flammable non-native trees (e.g. Pinus, Eucalyptus) and xerophytic shrubland (e.g. Cistus, Erica).


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Mark Haughton

Despite growing strength in recent decades, an archaeology of childhood has often been overlooked by those studying prehistory. This is concerning because communities are enlivened by their children, and conversations with and about children often provide a critical arena for the discussion of aspects of societies which prehistorians are comfortable addressing, such as social structure, identity and personhood. Through an exploration of childhood as expressed in the Earlier Bronze Age burials from Ireland, this article demonstrates that neither written sources, artistic depictions nor toys are necessary to speak of children in the past. Indeed, an approach which tacks between scales reveals subtle trends in the treatment of children which speak to wider shared concerns and allows a reflection on the role of children in prehistory.


Author(s):  
Francesco Iacono ◽  
Elisabetta Borgna ◽  
Maurizio Cattani ◽  
Claudio Cavazzuti ◽  
Helen Dawson ◽  
...  

AbstractThe Late Bronze Age (1700–900 BC) represents an extremely dynamic period for Mediterranean Europe. Here, we provide a comparative survey of the archaeological record of over half a millennium within the entire northern littoral of the Mediterranean, from Greece to Iberia, incorporating archaeological, archaeometric, and bioarchaeological evidence. The picture that emerges, while certainly fragmented and not displaying a unique trajectory, reveals a number of broad trends in aspects as different as social organization, trade, transcultural phenomena, and human mobility. The contribution of such trends to the processes that caused the end of the Bronze Age is also examined. Taken together, they illustrate how networks of interaction, ranging from the short to the long range, became a defining aspect of the “Middle Sea” during this time, influencing the lives of the communities that inhabited its northern shore. They also highlight the importance of research that crosses modern boundaries for gaining a better understanding of broad comparable dynamics.


The Holocene ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Sevink ◽  
Corrie C Bakels ◽  
Peter AJ Attema ◽  
Mauro A Di Vito ◽  
Ilenia Arienzo

Earlier studies on Holocene fills of upland lakes (Lago Forano and Fontana Manca) in northern Calabria, Italy, showed that these hold important palaeoecological archives, which however remained poorly dated. Their time frame is improved by new 14C dates on plant remains from new cores. Existing pollen data are reinterpreted, using this new time frame. Two early forest decline phases are distinguished. The earliest is linked to the 4.2 kyr BP climatic event, when climate became distinctly drier, other than at Lago Trifoglietti on the wetter Tyrrhenian side, where this event is less prominent. The second is attributed to human impacts and is linked to middle-Bronze Age mobile pastoralism. At Fontana Manca (c. 1000 m a.s.l.), it started around 1700 BC, in the higher uplands a few centuries later (Lago Forano, c. 1500 m a.s.l.). In the Fontana Manca fill, a thin tephra layer occurs, which appears to result from the AP2 event (Vesuvius, c. 1700 BC). A third, major degradation phase dates from the Roman period. Land use and its impacts, as inferred from the regional archaeological record for the Raganello catchment, are confronted with the impacts deduced from the palaeoarchives.


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