Health and Disease

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Armelagos ◽  
Dennis P. Van Gerven
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Bone Loss ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Tooth Wear ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Dental Pathology ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Ulna Fractures ◽  
Health And Disease

We present our studies of the adults at Wadi Halfa and Kulubnarti from the perspective of three common pathologies: tooth wear (dental caries and abscess), age-related bone loss (osteopenia), and trauma (bone fractures). The comparison of wear, caries, and abscess at Wadi Halfa revealed a greater degree of dental pathology during X-Group times compared with the Meroitic period. This is consistent with a shift toward a more agrarian lifestyle and the consumption of less highly processed food. The studies of age-related bone loss at Wadi Halfa were among the first to demonstrate a significant loss of bone among females as compared with males – this is a pattern consistent with male-female bone loss differences today. The osteopenia research was also among the first to demonstrate a pattern of pre-menopausal bone loss consistent with the dietary stresses faced by women during their reproductive years. The studies of bone fractures at Kulubnarti showed a high frequency of forearm (ulna) fractures compared with bone fractures in other populations, both prehistoric and modern. This is consistent with the constant danger of falls while moving through the rocky and boulder-strewn terrain in a region described in Arabic as Batn el Hajar (belly of the rock).

scholarly journals Dental Pathology, Wear, and Diet in a Hunting and Gathering Forest-Dwelling Group: The Batak People of Palawan Island, The Philippines

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Christy G. Turner II ◽  
James F. Eder
Keyword(s):  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Tooth Loss ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Tooth Wear ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Dental Pathology ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Hunting And Gathering ◽  
Palawan Island

Described are observations on Batak foods,tooth use, oral hygiene, and resulting wear and oralpathology in dental casts of 29 Batak ranging from 15 to 49years of age. Commonly consumed foods are roughly 80percent plant, and 20 percent animal products. Cookingis common. Eating includes one or two main daily mealswith occasional snacking. Cariogenic commerciallymanufacturedflour and sugar are rarely available.Oral hygiene involves “finger-brushing” of anteriorteeth with fine sand. The practice is more common infemales than in males. Caries are rare in both sexes as isantemortem tooth loss. Tooth chipping is more commonin males. Periodontal disease is generally slight andnearly equal in the sexes. Tooth wear is relatively slightbut strongly age-related as in many other populations.

scholarly journals Dental markers of biocultural sex differences in an early modern population from Gothenburg, Sweden: caries and other oral pathologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Bertilsson ◽  
Lisa Nylund ◽  
Maria Vretemark ◽  
Peter Lingström
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Tooth Wear ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Pathological Lesions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Molar Teeth ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Modern Population

Abstract Background With the aim to study dental pathological lesions in an early Swedish modern population, with special reference to sex variances of dental caries, the prevalence and distribution of dental caries and tooth wear were determined in complete and partial human dentitions from an early modern-time city graveyard (1500–1620) excavated in Gamlestaden, Gothenburg, Sweden. Methods Partial and complete dentitions were examined through visual inspection and using a dental probe. Pathologies were studied, evaluated and presented by teeth and alveoli. Results The study population consisted of 308 individuals. A total of 4,951 teeth in adults and 1,660 teeth in children were examined. Caries prevalence in the studied population was 55% and the highest prevalence of caries was found among the adults, where 68% of the individuals had at least one carious lesion. Caries experience (DMT > 0) in the entire population was 60%, and among adults caries experience was 76%. Women had significantly higher caries experience than men (p < 0.05). Caries was most prevalent in the molar teeth and least prevalent in the incisors and canines. Significant age-related increases in tooth wear were found, and a positive correlation between wear in molars and incisors (p < 0.001). Other clinical findings were signs of apical lesions, crowding of teeth, aplasia, non-erupted canines and calculus. Conclusions Findings show that dental pathological lesions affected a majority of the studied population, and indicate that women were more predisposed to dental disease than their male counterparts. Results are discussed from a multi-factorial explanation model including dietary, physiological and cultural etiological factors.

Evaluation of chronological changes in bone fractures and age-related bone loss: A test case from Poland

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 117-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna E. Spinek ◽  
Wiesław Lorkiewicz ◽  
Joanna Mietlińska ◽  
Ewa Sewerynek ◽  
Arkadiusz Kłys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Loss ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Age Related

Osteoporotic bone fractures and age-related bone loss in males inhabiting the Kujawy region in north-central Poland from the Neolithic to early modern times

2019 ◽  
Vol 103 ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiesław Lorkiewicz ◽  
Joanna Mietlińska ◽  
Justyna Karkus ◽  
Marta Kurek ◽  
Paulina Borówka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Loss ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Osteoporotic Bone ◽  
North Central ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Central Poland ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Early Modern Times

scholarly journals Osteoporosis and male age-related hypogonadism: role of sex steroids on bone (patho)physiology

2006 ◽  
Vol 154 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Rochira ◽  
A Balestrieri ◽  
B Madeo ◽  
L Zirilli ◽  
A R M Granata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Bone Loss ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Male Age ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Aging Men ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Bone Physiology

Male age-related bone loss is caused, at least in part, by hypogonadism that occurs with advancing age. The study of the effects of sex steroids on bone physiology in men has recently highlighted the central role of estrogens on bone pathophysiology. This review focuses on particular aspects of bone physiology and pathophysiology in aging men, noting both the similarities to and the differences from female counterparts. In particular, the role of sex steroids on bone sexual dimorphism in health and disease has been analyzed.

scholarly journals The Dual Role of Vitamin K2 in “Bone-Vascular Crosstalk”: Opposite Effects on Bone Loss and Vascular Calcification

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1222
Author(s):  
Domitilla Mandatori ◽  
Letizia Pelusi ◽  
Valeria Schiavone ◽  
Caterina Pipino ◽  
Natalia Di Pietro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Loss ◽  
Vascular Calcification ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Food Supplement ◽  
Vitamin K2 ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Calcium Deposition ◽  
Age Related

Osteoporosis (OP) and vascular calcification (VC) represent relevant health problems that frequently coexist in the elderly population. Traditionally, they have been considered independent processes, and mainly age-related. However, an increasing number of studies have reported their possible direct correlation, commonly defined as “bone-vascular crosstalk”. Vitamin K2 (VitK2), a family of several natural isoforms also known as menaquinones (MK), has recently received particular attention for its role in maintaining calcium homeostasis. In particular, VitK2 deficiency seems to be responsible of the so-called “calcium paradox” phenomenon, characterized by low calcium deposition in the bone and its accumulation in the vessel wall. Since these events may have important clinical consequences, and the role of VitK2 in bone-vascular crosstalk has only partially been explained, this review focuses on its effects on the bone and vascular system by providing a more recent literature update. Overall, the findings reported here propose the VitK2 family as natural bioactive molecules that could be able to play an important role in the prevention of bone loss and vascular calcification, thus encouraging further in-depth studies to achieve its use as a dietary food supplement.

The archaeology of osteoporosis

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Turner-Walker ◽  
Unni Syversen ◽  
Simon Mays
Keyword(s):  
Bone Loss ◽  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Medieval Women ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
The Uk

The application of medical scanning technologies to archaeological skeletons provides novel insights into the history and potential causes of osteoporosis. The present study investigated bone mineral density (BMD) in medieval skeletons from England and Norway. Comparisons between the two adult populations found no statistically significant differences. This compares with a modern fracture incidence for the femoral neck in women from Norway that is almost three times that in the UK. The pattern of age-related bone loss in medieval men was similar to that seen in men today. In contrast, the pattern in medieval women differed from that of modern young women. On average, medieval women experienced a decrease in BMD at the femoral neck of approximately 23 per cent between the ages of 22 and 35. These losses were partially recovered by age 45, after which BMD values show a decline consistent with post-menopausal bone loss in modern western women. A possible explanation of the rapid decline in BMD in young medieval women is bone loss in connection with pregnancy and lactation in circumstances of insufficient nutrition.

scholarly journals CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist enantiomers HU-433 and HU-308: An inverse relationship between binding affinity and biological potency

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (28) ◽  
pp. 8774-8779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reem Smoum ◽  
Saja Baraghithy ◽  
Mukesh Chourasia ◽  
Aviva Breuer ◽  
Naama Mussai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Loss ◽  
Binding Affinity ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Osteoclast Differentiation ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Binding Studies ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Comparative Binding ◽  
Biological Potency

Activation of the CB2 receptor is apparently an endogenous protective mechanism. Thus, it restrains inflammation and protects the skeleton against age-related bone loss. However, the endogenous cannabinoids, as well as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main plant psychoactive constituent, activate both cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2. HU-308 was among the first synthetic, selective CB2 agonists. HU-308 is antiosteoporotic and antiinflammatory. Here we show that the HU-308 enantiomer, designated HU-433, is 3–4 orders of magnitude more potent in osteoblast proliferation and osteoclast differentiation culture systems, as well as in mouse models, for the rescue of ovariectomy-induced bone loss and ear inflammation. HU-433 retains the HU-308 specificity for CB2, as shown by its failure to bind to the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, and has no activity in CB2-deficient cells and animals. Surprisingly, the CB2 binding affinity of HU-433 in terms of [3H]CP55,940 displacement and its effect on [35S]GTPγS accumulation is substantially lower compared with HU-308. A molecular-modeling analysis suggests that HU-433 and -308 have two different binding conformations within CB2, with one of them possibly responsible for the affinity difference, involving [35S]GTPγS and cAMP synthesis. Hence, different ligands may have different orientations relative to the same binding site. This situation questions the usefulness of universal radioligands for comparative binding studies. Moreover, orientation-targeted ligands have promising potential for the pharmacological activation of distinct processes.

Cross-sectional assessment of age-related bone loss in men: the MINOS study

Bone ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Szulc ◽  
F Marchand ◽  
F Duboeuf ◽  
P.D Delmas
Keyword(s):  
Bone Loss ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related
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