The Middle Horizon

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina A. Conlee
Keyword(s):  
Residential Area ◽  
Mortuary Practices ◽  
Large Region ◽  
Sociopolitical Organization ◽  
Middle Horizon ◽  
Extensive Area ◽  
The Andes ◽  
The People

Across the Andes major changes occurred in the Middle Horizon (A.D. 650–1000) as the highland Wari and Tiwanaku states exerted their influence over a large region. The people of the Nasca drainage, like many groups, experienced major shifts in settlements and sociopolitical organization, which is the focus of this chapter. Interactions and entanglements between Wari and Nasca people are examined throughout the region and at the site. At La Tiza there was a small residential area and an extensive area of mausoleums where elites were buried. The new mortuary practices indicate the development of new elite kin groups tied to the Wari state. Foreigners were found at the site in this period and buried in the tombs. The chapter also discusses the collapse of Wari and the abandonment of the Nasca region.

The Development of the Southeast Lower Town of Sirkeli Höyük

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-286
Author(s):  
Alexander E. Sollee ◽  
Hannah Mönninghoff ◽  
Ekin Kozal ◽  
Doğa Karakaya ◽  
Joëlle Heim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Urban Center ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Stratigraphic Sequence ◽  
The People ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
Archaeobotanical Remains ◽  
Modern Turkey ◽  
Excavation Area

AbstractThe site of Sirkeli Höyük in the province of Adana in modern Turkey is one of the largest settlement mounds in Plain Cilicia. In 2012, a geophysical survey revealed that the ancient settlement was not confined to the höyük, but also encompassed an extensive lower town to the southeast of the main mound. To gain information on the dating and development of this part of the settlement, an excavation area (“Sector F”) was opened at a spot where the magnetometry survey suggested the presence of a city gate. Since then, archaeological work in this area has continuously produced new discoveries that help us understand how this residential area and its inhabitants developed throughout the periods of its occupation. Especially the Iron Age (Neo Cilician period) levels, which cover approximately the 11th–7th centuries B.C., provide important information on how this urban center of the Neo Hittite kingdom Hiyawa/Que changed over time and to which extent historical events impacted the people living in one of its residential areas. This contribution discusses the stratigraphic sequence, the pottery, and the archaeobotanical remains discovered in Sector F during the 2013–2019 campaigns, and concludes with a synthesis of the development in this area from a historical perspective.

scholarly journals COMMENTARY: Bioarchaeology of Oaxaca: It’s About the People

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny Zborover
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Stress ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Mortuary Practices ◽  
Contextual Approach ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Ethnic Affiliation ◽  
The People ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Global Connections

<p>Bioarchaeology is clearly all about the people. A human bone, although technically an artifact, is conceptually different than ceramic sherds, lithics, or even animal bones. It is us. The notions of embodiment and culturally-embedded interpretation intersects all the articles in this special issue, where authors take a detailed contextual approach to tackle diverse and complex themes such as mortuary practices, pre- and postmortem treatment, corporeal and skeletal modifications, individual and corporate identities, ethnic affiliation, social memory, violence and interpersonal conflict, trauma, gender and childhood, ancestral veneration, daily activities, nutritional and occupational stress, social organization, social relationships, and local, regional, continental, and global connections.</p>

scholarly journals Mortuary practices and the negotiation of social identities at LM II Knossos

1999 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 131-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Preston
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Mortuary Practices ◽  
Social Transition ◽  
The People

This article explores expressions of cultural identity in the LM II mortuary data from the Knossos valley, in the context of the issue of a ‘Mycenaean’ presence there. It proposes that the burial record is less useful for trying to establish a mainland origin for the people interred in the tombs, than for exploring how people chose to represent themselves and each other in death. In this light, the cultural influences in the tomb architecture and assemblages of the Isopata and Kephala tombs in particular are examined. The experimentation apparent in such tombs suggests that the mortuary sphere was employed as a forum for status display in the context of a social transition at Knossos, with mainland traits being one element in a range of options that were selectively taken up and adapted.

Transformations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Wernke
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Indigenous Languages ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Burial Practices ◽  
Sacred Landscapes ◽  
The Andes ◽  
The People ◽  
The Face

Spanish rule in the Andes claimed legitimacy based on the missionary project to convert indigenous peoples to Christianity. This chapter details the early years of Catholic evangelization, when priests began to learn indigenous languages and to explain religious concepts in terms familiar to Inca and other Andean religious practices. In the face of indigenous heterodoxy and resistance, the missionary project took more intrusive forms, intervening in indigenous settlement and burial practices. Recent archaeological and ethnohistoric advances offer case studies for understanding religious actions to turn the people of the Inca world away from their pre-contact sacred landscapes and community rituals.

Vegetation disturbance and human population in Colombia – a regional reconstruction

Antiquity ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (302) ◽  
pp. 828-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Marchant ◽  
Hermann Behling ◽  
Juan Carlos Berrio ◽  
Henry Hooghiemstra ◽  
Bas van Geel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Pollen Record ◽  
Landscape Changes ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Vegetation Disturbance ◽  
The People ◽  
Regional Reconstruction ◽  
Last Ice Age

Palaeoecologists using pollen to map vegetation since the last ice age have noted numerous changes – which they feel increasingly obliged to blame on humans. These changes, such as deforestation or the dominance of certain plants, may happen suddenly or take place over thousands of years. The authors study the pollen record in Colombia, identify plants diagnostic of cultivation or disturbed ground (“degraded vegetation”) and use them to map human activities by proxy. They show how the people move and the landscape changes between 5000 BP and the present day, from the coast inland, and from the lowlands up into the Andes.

scholarly journals Redevelopment of Kampung Hindu in Kesawan Area, Medan with the Behavioral Architecture Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 09-15
Author(s):  
Putri Sahara Pane ◽  
Dwira Nirfalini Aulia
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
City Government ◽  
High Rise ◽  
The People ◽  
Suitable Space ◽  
Project Location ◽  
Slum Areas

Based on Medan City Government 2012, slum areas in Medan City are currently estimated to reach 22.5% of the total area of ​​Medan City, which consists of 88,166 housing units or 13.62% of the total houses in Medan City. Moreover, this has an impact on public health. Responding to this problem, the need to design a residence by rebuilding a residential area would be better by not abandoning the customs and culture of the people in the area. The project location is in Medan, Kampung Kelurahan Kesawan. The design method that is carried out is the choice of design location and approach to problem-solving design or design stages. It expects that the results of the design can provide suitable space and occupancy for the community, such as the construction of high-rise villages and community areas.

The People Are King

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Elizabeth Penry
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Radical Democracy ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
The People ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Forced Resettlement ◽  
The Right ◽  
Planned Towns ◽  
Resettlement Towns

The People Are King traces the transformation of Andean communities under Inca and Spanish rule. The sixteenth-century Spanish resettlement policy known as reducción was pivotal to this transformation. Modeled on the Spanish ideal of república (self-government within planned towns) and shared sovereignty with their monarch, Spaniards in the Viceroyalty of Peru forced Andeans into resettlement towns. Andeans turned the tables on forced resettlement by making the towns their own and the center of their social, political, and religious lives. Andeans made a coherent life for themselves in a complex process of ethnogenesis that blended preconquest ways of life (the ayllu) with the imposed institutions of town life and Christian religious practices. Within these towns, Andeans claimed the right to self-government, and increasingly regarded their native lords, the caciques, as tyrants. A series of microhistorical accounts in these repúblicas reveals that Andeans believed that commoner people, collectively called the común, could rule themselves. With both Andean and Spanish antecedents, this political philosophy of radical democracy was key to the Great Rebellion of the late eighteenth century. Rather than focusing on well-known leaders such as Tupac Amaru, this book demonstrates through commoner rebels’ holographic letters that it was commoner Andean people who made the late eighteenth-century a revolutionary moment by asserting their rights to self-government. In the final chapter the book follows the commoner-lead towns of the Andes from the era of independence into the present day of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.

Prehispanic Highland Textile Technologies: A View from the First Millennium AD at Hualcayán, Ancash, Peru

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
M. Elizabeth Grávalos ◽  
Rebecca E. Bria
Keyword(s):  
Middle Horizon ◽  
Textile Production ◽  
Intermediate Period ◽  
Exceptional Preservation ◽  
Interregional Interaction ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Moist Environment ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Arid West

The exceptional preservation of perishable artifacts on the arid west coast of the Andes has led to an abundance of knowledge on prehispanic textile production. Yet comparatively little of this knowledge is based on highland examples due to their poor preservation in the moist environment of the Andean sierra. Systematic excavations in 2011–2012 at the archaeological complex of Hualcayán in highland Ancash, Peru, revealed surprisingly well-preserved textiles and cordage from four partially looted machay-style tombs. In this article we provide an overview of textile forms, production techniques, and iconography from a sample of 292 textile and cordage fragments, equaling 20% of Hualcayán's assemblage. This work contributes to a better understanding of ancient Andean weaving in general and interregional interaction during the Early Intermediate period and Middle Horizon (ca. AD 1–1000) in particular. Significantly, we document variability in cotton yarn and a general uniformity in camelid yarn and weaving techniques in the overall sample. These findings, in combination with similarities in weaving techniques and style between coastal examples and Hualcayán's fabrics, suggest a coastal–highland relationship.

Shifting Local, Regional, and Interregional Relations in Middle Horizon Peru: Evidence from La Real

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Jennings ◽  
Tiffiny A. Tung ◽  
Willy J. Yépez Álvarez ◽  
Gladys Cecilia Quequezana Lucano ◽  
Marko Alfredo López Hurtado
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Middle Horizon ◽  
Lethal Violence ◽  
Interregional Interaction ◽  
The Andes ◽  
A Site ◽  
Long Distance Movement ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

The Middle Horizon (ca. A.D. 600-1100) was a period of great change in the Andes, with much of Perú connected through long-distance exchange and widely shared Wari styles and practices. Recent research has begun to detail the transformations that occurred within the period, leading to questions about the development of the Wari state and its shifting relationships with outlying areas over time. This article expands this research by exploring the temporal differences within a funerary assemblage at La Real, a site in the Majes Valley of southern Perú. The artifacts and human remains from La Real are used to explore Middle Horizon dynamism in relation to both the surging interregional interaction of the period and emergent social stratification in the valley. Mortuary profiles and sublethal violence remain fairly constant throughout the period, but lethal violence significantly increases in the late Middle Horizon. There are also significant changes over time in the presence of exotic goods and other items, reflecting an increase in craft specialization, the adoption of Wari-related styles and practices, and the development of a more regionally oriented economy. The role of the Wari state in these changes, although unclear, may relate to attempts by Wari leaders to manipulate the long-distance movement of a restricted group of artifacts and resources.

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