Prehispanic Highland Textile Technologies: A View from the First Millennium AD at Hualcayán, Ancash, Peru

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
M. Elizabeth Grávalos ◽  
Rebecca E. Bria
Keyword(s):  
Middle Horizon ◽  
Textile Production ◽  
Intermediate Period ◽  
Exceptional Preservation ◽  
Interregional Interaction ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Moist Environment ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Arid West

The exceptional preservation of perishable artifacts on the arid west coast of the Andes has led to an abundance of knowledge on prehispanic textile production. Yet comparatively little of this knowledge is based on highland examples due to their poor preservation in the moist environment of the Andean sierra. Systematic excavations in 2011–2012 at the archaeological complex of Hualcayán in highland Ancash, Peru, revealed surprisingly well-preserved textiles and cordage from four partially looted machay-style tombs. In this article we provide an overview of textile forms, production techniques, and iconography from a sample of 292 textile and cordage fragments, equaling 20% of Hualcayán's assemblage. This work contributes to a better understanding of ancient Andean weaving in general and interregional interaction during the Early Intermediate period and Middle Horizon (ca. AD 1–1000) in particular. Significantly, we document variability in cotton yarn and a general uniformity in camelid yarn and weaving techniques in the overall sample. These findings, in combination with similarities in weaving techniques and style between coastal examples and Hualcayán's fabrics, suggest a coastal–highland relationship.

Shifting Local, Regional, and Interregional Relations in Middle Horizon Peru: Evidence from La Real

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Jennings ◽  
Tiffiny A. Tung ◽  
Willy J. Yépez Álvarez ◽  
Gladys Cecilia Quequezana Lucano ◽  
Marko Alfredo López Hurtado
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Middle Horizon ◽  
Lethal Violence ◽  
Interregional Interaction ◽  
The Andes ◽  
A Site ◽  
Long Distance Movement ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

The Middle Horizon (ca. A.D. 600-1100) was a period of great change in the Andes, with much of Perú connected through long-distance exchange and widely shared Wari styles and practices. Recent research has begun to detail the transformations that occurred within the period, leading to questions about the development of the Wari state and its shifting relationships with outlying areas over time. This article expands this research by exploring the temporal differences within a funerary assemblage at La Real, a site in the Majes Valley of southern Perú. The artifacts and human remains from La Real are used to explore Middle Horizon dynamism in relation to both the surging interregional interaction of the period and emergent social stratification in the valley. Mortuary profiles and sublethal violence remain fairly constant throughout the period, but lethal violence significantly increases in the late Middle Horizon. There are also significant changes over time in the presence of exotic goods and other items, reflecting an increase in craft specialization, the adoption of Wari-related styles and practices, and the development of a more regionally oriented economy. The role of the Wari state in these changes, although unclear, may relate to attempts by Wari leaders to manipulate the long-distance movement of a restricted group of artifacts and resources.

The First Millennium ad in North-Central Peru: Critical Perspectives on a Linguistic Prehistory

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEORGE F. LAU
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Middle Horizon ◽  
North Central ◽  
North West ◽  
Intermediate Period ◽  
Cultural Heterogeneity ◽  
Regional Interaction ◽  
First Millennium

This chapter reviews archaeological evidence for culture change during the first millennium ad in north-central Peru, and its implications for the spread of language(s). Important developments deriving from regional interaction typified the first centuries ad (north-west Ancash), the seventh century ad (Callejón de Huaylas), and the end of the Middle Horizon (across departments). If major language expansions can be pegged to transformations in material style, they should be sought in these periods and areas. Many different Amerindian languages are known from the region (Culle, Mochica, Quingnam, Quechua, Aymara), although most are now extinct. The cultural heterogeneity in north-central Peru during the Early Intermediate Period may indicate considerable time-depth for such linguistic diversity. The subsequent Middle Horizon marks a period of widespread interaction, though varying in nature and impact through time. This elicits issues for future research in the linguistic prehistory of the central Andes.

Singa Transitional: Rock-art Saywas Marking Boundaries of Identity and Socializing Landscape in Huánuco, Peru

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-263
Author(s):  
Jonathan J. Dubois
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Regional Survey ◽  
Intermediate Period ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
The North ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Early Horizon ◽  
Landscape Feature

This paper introduces a new art style, Singa Transitional, found painted onto a mountainside near the modern town of Singa in the north of Huánuco, Peru. This style was discovered during a recent regional survey of rock art in the Huánuco region that resulted in the documentation of paintings at more than 20 sites, the identification of their chronological contexts and an analysis of the resulting data for trends in changing social practices over nine millennia. I explore how the style emerged from both regional artistic trends in the medium and broader patterns evident in Andean material culture from multiple media at the time of its creation. I argue that the presence of Singa Transitional demonstrates that local peoples were engaged in broader social trends unfolding during the transition between the Early Horizon (800–200 bc) and the Early Intermediate Period (ad 0–800) in Peru. I propose that rock art placed in prominent places was considered saywa, a type of landscape feature that marked boundaries in and movement through landscapes. Singa Transitional saywas served to advertise the connection between local Andean people and their land and was a medium through which social changes were contested in the Andes.

Graphically Modeling the Prehistory of Regional Interactions in the Moquegua Valley, Southern Peru

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk E. Costion ◽  
Ulrike Matthies Green
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Interaction ◽  
Middle Horizon ◽  
Southern Peru ◽  
Intermediate Period ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Moquegua Valley

The Cross-Cultural Interaction Model was first developed specifically to help model the cultural interactions taking place in the Moquegua Valley of Southern Peru during the culturally dynamic early Middle Horizon. This chapter highlights the flexibility of the Cross-Cultural Interaction Model by using it to illustrate how regional interactions changed throughout the prehistoric sequence of this region. The Moquegua drainage is the easiest route from the highlands of the Southern Titicaca altiplano to the Pacific Ocean; in addition the middle Moquegua Valley is ideal for large-scale maize agriculture. As a result, regional interactions have been an integral element in this region’s cultural evolution. Starting with the Archaic Period and continuing through the Late Intermediate Period this chapter graphically explores the nature of the regional interactions that took place in each time period and how these interactions shaped the cultural landscape of the Moquegua Valley over time

Ancient pre-Columbian Peru, Bolivia and Mesoamerica

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Ortloff
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Middle Horizon ◽  
Canal Irrigation ◽  
Late Intermediate Period ◽  
Intermediate Period ◽  
The North ◽  
Early Horizon ◽  
The Many

Irrigation agriculture is a transformational technology used to secure high food yields from undeveloped lands. Specific to ancient South America, the Chimú Empire occupied the north coast of Peru from the Chillon to the Lambeyeque Valleys (Figure 1.1.1) from800 to 1450 CE (Late Intermediate Period (LIP)) and carried canal reclamation far beyond modern limits by applying hydraulics concepts unknown to Western science until the beginning of the 20th century. The narrative that follows examines hydraulic engineering and water management developments and strategies during the many centuries of agricultural development in the Chimú heartland of the Moche River Basin. The story examines how Chimú engineers and planners managed to greatly expand the agricultural output of valleys under their control by employing advanced canal irrigation technologies and the economic and political circumstances under which large-scale reclamation projects took place. The following time period conventions are used in the discussion that follow: Preceramic and Formative Period (3000–1800 BCE) Initial Period (IP) 1800–900 BCE Early Horizon (EH) 900–200 BCE Early Intermediate Period (EIP) 200 BCE–600 CE Middle Horizon (MH) 600–1000 CE Late Intermediate Period (LIP) 1000–1476 CE Late Horizon (LH) 1476–1534 CE. Chimú political power and state development was concentrated in Peruvian north coast valleys. Each valley contained an intermittent river supplied by seasonal rainfall runoff/glacial melt water from the adjacent eastern highlands. Over millennia, silts carried by the rivers from highland sources formed gently sloping alluvial valleys with fertile desert soils suitable for agriculture. An arid environment tied the Chimú economy to intravalley irrigation networks supplied from these rivers; these systems were supplemented by massive intervalley canals of great length that transported water between river valleys, thus opening vast stretches of intervalley lands to farming. The Chimú accomplishments and achievements in desert environment agricultural technologies brought canal-based water management and irrigation technology to its zenith among ancient South American civilizations, with practically all coastal cultivatable intervalley and intravalley lands reachable by canals brought under cultivation.

Applied Archaeology in the Andes: The Contribution of Pre-Hispanic Agricultural Terracing to Environmental and Rural Development Strategies

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Kendall
Keyword(s):  
Climate Changes ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Early Arrival ◽  
Early Horizon ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Local Species ◽  
Raised Fields ◽  
Cultural Developments

Patterns of civilization in the Central Andes can be seen to have fluctuated over the last 5,000 years in relation to climate changes. Starting with the first American civilization at Caral, on the Peruvian coast, other impressive coastal centres and cultural areas followed and subsequently the highland cultural areas and civilizations took over in what now seems to have been at least partly a response to periods of climate changes. While the early coastal environment offered economic advantages of maritime resources and made it easy to adapt and benefit from the early arrival of imported cultigens, greater effort was required to develop agriculture from wild local species at high altitudes in rugged terrains. However, by the first millennium BC, following adverse effects of droughts in coastal areas, the highland religious centre at Chavin de Huantar developed an influential impact in the Early Horizon Period (c.500–c.200 BC), expanding through trade networks to adjacent regions and southwards towards Paracas on the southern coast. Following the centre’s demise around 200 BC (due to the increasing impoverishment of the highland environment) impetus returned to a new surge of coastal developments, notably the emergence of the Mochica and Nazca cultures on the northern and southern coasts respectively, and at Pucara in the altiplano. Here Rowe’s chronological system of Intermediate Periods characterized by regional states and Horizon Periods characterized by broader dominating cultures can be seen to be influenced by the swings of past climate. Temperature and precipitation have been shown to be prime influences underlying the sustainability of cultural developments, driven by agricultural developments, at key centres of Andean power (Kendall and Rodríguez 2009),. Early economic and cultural developments centred on Lake Titicaca in the southern altiplano were supported by agricultural systems, including cocha (ponds) networks developed for specialized cultivation (Flores Ochoa and Paz 1986) and camellones or wayru wayru (raised fields) around wetland shores (Erickson 1985).

A Reevaluation of the Absolute Chronology of Cabuza and Related Ceramic Styles of the Azapa Valley, Northern Chile

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti Korpisaari ◽  
Markku Oinonen ◽  
Juan Chacama
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Influence ◽  
Bayesian Probability ◽  
The Political ◽  
Northern Chile ◽  
Middle Horizon ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Late Intermediate Period ◽  
Intermediate Period ◽  
The Absolute

The nature and extent of the political and cultural influence of the Tiwanaku state (ca. A.D. 500—1100) in the Azapa Valley of northern Chile are debated topics. The absolute chronology of these contacts also remains somewhat unclear. Much of the debate has centered on the origins and chronological position of the Tiwanaku-related black-on-red ceramic style called Cabuza. In order to reevaluate the chronological position of the Cabuza, Maytas-Chiribaya, and San Miguel ceramic styles and associated cultural phases of the Azapa Valley, we obtained a total of 16 new radiocarbon dates for the Azapa-6, Azapa- 71a, Azapa-141, and Azapa-143 cemeteries. All but one sample dated to the Late Intermediate period (ca.A.D. 1000-1450). We compare our results with previously published radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dates and carry out Bayesian probability calculations, establishing the most likely chronological ranges for the three ceramic styles. Based on this research, we argue that the undeniable Tiwanaku influence seen in the Azapa Valley more likely reflects processes set in motion by the collapse of the Tiwanaku state rather than an attempt to colonize or indirectly control the Azapa Valley during the Middle Horizon (ca. A.D. 550-1000).

scholarly journals Eco-Friendly and Community Sustainable Textile Fabric Dyeing Methods From Thai Buffalo Manure: From Pasture to Fashion Designer

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824402110582
Author(s):  
Suthasini Bureekhampun ◽  
Chanida Maneepun
Keyword(s):  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Three Solutions ◽  
Textile Production ◽  
Muddy Water ◽  
Sustainable Products ◽  
Color Fading ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Water Salt ◽  
Buffalo Dung ◽  
Eco Fashion

The research objective was to study local traditional wisdom of the art of producing fabric dye from fresh buffalo manure (FBM). Data were collected from rural weaving community cooperative (co-op) members and experts in Thailand’s northeastern Mekong River province of Nakhon Phanom. The study’s Method 1 added buffalo dung water, salt, and a mordant together, which was brought to a boil for 30 minutes. Method 2 added buffalo dung water and salt, which was brought to a boil for 10 minutes, after which a mordant agent was added, then boiled for an additional 30 minutes. There were five different formulas for each method using a different mordant. Results revealed that Method 1 had the best dyeing solution and produced a consistent, commercially usable, washable fabric with three-tone coloring and long-lasting yarn. Method 1 also used a hot dyeing technique in which cotton yarn and FBM were disinfected in a boiling vat while natural odor-reducing additives were added. Moreover, Method 1 consisted of either (1) FBM, salt, and lye, (2) FBM, salt, and muddy water, or (3) only salt added to FBM. These three solutions yielded a material in which testing by the Thailand Textile Institute (THTI) using ISO standards was determined to have a moderate degree of lightfastness, as well as an excellent resistance to color fading after washing. The study is important as it adds a wealth of knowledge to the literature concerning eco-friendly eco-fashion, sustainable products, and economically viable traditional handicraft textile production techniques.

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