The Powhatan Landscape

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin D. Gallivan
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
American Indian ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Native People ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
History Of ◽  
Enduring Power

The Powhatan Landscape traces the Native past in the Chesapeake from the Algonquian arrival circa A.D. 200 through the rise and fall of the Powhatan chiefdom. Martin D. Gallivan argues that the current fixation with the English at Jamestown in 1607 has concealed the deeper history of Tsenacomacoh (sehn-uh-kuh-MAH-kah), the Algonquian term for Tidewater Virginia. Drawing from maps, place names, ethnohistory and, above all, archaeology, Gallivan shifts the frame of reference from English accounts of the seventeenth century toward a longer narrative of Virginia Algonquians’ construction of places, communities, and connections in between. Riverine settlements occupied for centuries oriented the ways Algonquian people dwelled in the Chesapeake estuary, initially around fishing grounds and collective burials visited seasonally, and later within horticultural towns occupied year-round. Ritualized spaces, including trench enclosures within the Powhatan center place of Werowocomoco (WAYR-uh-wah-KOH-muh-koh), gathered people for events that anchored the annual cycle. Despite the violent disruptions of the colonial era, Native people returned to Werowocomoco and to other riverine towns after 1607 for pilgrimages that commemorated the enduring power of place. For today’s American Indian communities in the Chesapeake, the rethought and reinterpreted landscape represents a powerful basis from which to contest narratives and policies that have denied their existence. This book seeks to add to these conversations by offering other reference points in a deeper history of landscape.

The Place of the Antler Wearers

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin D. Gallivan ◽  
Victor D. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Interior Zone ◽  
History Of

Chapter 6 addresses Werowocomoco’s archaeological and ethnohistorical records as well as the town’s role in the Virginia Algonquian spatial imaginary. Shortly after its establishment as a town circa A.D. 1200, Werowocomoco’s residents reconfigured the settlement’s spaces, constructing a residential area lining the river and an interior zone marked by a series of trenches. A biography of place and a close reading of colonial-era accounts suggest that Werowocomoco was reconfigured and redefined several times as a ritualized location. By the seventeenth century, Werowocomoco represented the center place of the Powhatan chiefdom and the scene of several consequential encounters with English colonists. The construction of monumental earthworks and chiefly architecture within Werowocomoco made reference to construction episodes dating centuries earlier, suggesting that Werowocomoco’s history of placemaking influenced Powhatan’s decision to move there during the sixteenth century. As a town that marked the transition from horticultural activities to hunting camps during the feasts and sacrifices of autumn, Werowocomoco also anchored the annual cycle.

Genocide and American Indian History

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Ostler
Keyword(s):  
American Indian ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Native People ◽  
Indian History ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
American Indian History ◽  
Intentional Actions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Direct Killing

The issue of genocide and American Indian history has been contentious. Many writers see the massive depopulation of the indigenous population of the Americas after 1492 as a clear-cut case of the genocide. Other writers, however, contend that European and U.S. actions toward Indians were deplorable but were rarely if ever genocidal. To a significant extent, disagreements about the pervasiveness of genocide in the history of the post-Columbian Western Hemisphere, in general, and U.S. history, in particular, pivot on definitions of genocide. Conservative definitions emphasize intentional actions and policies of governments that result in very large population losses, usually from direct killing. More liberal definitions call for less stringent criteria for intent, focusing more on outcomes. They do not necessarily require direct sanction by state authorities; rather, they identify societal forces and actors. They also allow for several intersecting forces of destruction, including dispossession and disease. Because debates about genocide easily devolve into quarrels about definitions, an open-ended approach to the question of genocide that explores several phases and events provides the possibility of moving beyond the present stalemate. However one resolves the question of genocide in American Indian history, it is important to recognize that European and U.S. settler colonial projects unleashed massively destructive forces on Native peoples and communities. These include violence resulting directly from settler expansion, intertribal violence (frequently aggravated by colonial intrusions), enslavement, disease, alcohol, loss of land and resources, forced removals, and assaults on tribal religion, culture, and language. The configuration and impact of these forces varied considerably in different times and places according to the goals of particular colonial projects and the capacities of colonial societies and institutions to pursue them. The capacity of Native people and communities to directly resist, blunt, or evade colonial invasions proved equally important.

The Exiles: Native Survivance and Urban Space in Downtown Los Angeles

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-182
Author(s):  
Liza Black
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
American Indian ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Studies ◽  
Native People ◽  
Independent Film ◽  
Urban Experience ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Agency

The 1961 independent film The Exiles is remarkable for many reasons. Nonprofessional Native actors played themselves, created their own dialogue, and developed the storyline, for example, and the film positions itself as documentary and ethnography in ways that validate these Native interventions. Although The Exiles is fundamentally a portrait of American Indian life in Los Angeles, readings from film and urban studies primarily focus on filmmaking technique. As a result of this critical focus, the film's significance in regard to the cultural agency and urban history of Native peoples becomes secondary, and urban Natives are erroneously depicted as anomalous as well. Looking closely at Yvonne Williams, the female Native protagonist, I find that the film embodies Native American survivance through capturing an urban experience that was controlled by Native people more than any other filmic representation up to that point. This article argues for the tremendous import of The Exiles by highlighting the ways in which it challenges expectations of modern Indian people.

Swindler Sachem

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Hale Pulsipher
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
New England ◽  
American Indian ◽  
Atlantic World ◽  
English Education ◽  
Native People ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Charles Ii

According to his kin, John Wompas was “no sachem,” although he claimed that status to achieve his economic and political ends. He drew on the legal and political practices of both Indians and the English—even visiting and securing the support of King Charles II—to legitimize the land sales that funded his extravagant spending. But he also used the knowledge acquired in his English education to defend the land and rights of his fellow Nipmucs. This book offers a window on seventeenth-century New England and the Atlantic world from the unusual perspective of an American Indian who, even though he may not have been what he claimed, was certainly out of the ordinary. Drawing on documentary and anthropological sources as well as consultations with Native people, the book shows how Wompas turned the opportunities and hardships of economic, cultural, religious, and political forces in the emerging English empire to the benefit of himself and his kin.

The Constitutional History of Ethiopia

1962 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-315
Author(s):  
G. W. B. Huntingford
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Constitutional History ◽  
Research Student ◽  
Lives Of Saints ◽  
Historical Texts ◽  
History Of ◽  
General Collection

Between 1959 and 1961 I worked with an Ethiopian research student, Gētāčaw Takla Māryām, on the constitutional history of Ethiopia from the Aksumite period (first to fourth centuries A.D.) to the end of the seventeenth century. So far as could be discovered, no serious attempt has yet been made to deal with this subject by means of strict documentation. The first step therefore has been to collect from printed Ethiopic material (mainly written in Ge‘ez) and from Ge‘ez manuscripts a body of documents and charters which will ultimately form the basis of a constitutional history. The aim has been to produce something like Stubbs's Select Charters, for some such basis is an essential preliminary in a field in which be one of the resultes of our study. For place-names the position is a little better, since Conti Rossini produced many years ago an index to names in material published up to 1894; and not long ago I compiled one for the historical texts published in the Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (CSCO).The work on constitutional history, which is still in progress, has involved the study and translation of four categories of document written in Ge'ez; these are:(1) The early Ge'ez (and Greek) inscriptions of the Aksumite period.(2) The Lives of the Ethiopian saints (gadla qedusān) of the sixth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, including the Synaxarium (senkesār) or general collection of lives of saints.(3) The land charters and other documents in the Book of Aksum, from the tenth to seventeenth centuries, with a few attributed to kings from the fourth to ninth centuries.(4) The Chronicles, now mostly available in printed form, either in the CSCO, or published individually; some are to be found in periodicals.

scholarly journals Antarctic place-names

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-299
Author(s):  
G. Hattersley-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Native People ◽  
South Shetland Islands ◽  
Place Names ◽  
The South ◽  
Shetland Islands ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Land Region

Throughout history ‘explorers’ from advanced countries have named place they have ‘discovered’ in lands occupied by native people from time immemorial, with the result that many local place-names have been disregarded and their history forgotten. Antarctica, however, is the one great land region on Earth that was truly ‘discovered’ when the South Shetland Islands were sighted in 1819, so that the place-names that gradually evolved in later exploration enshrine all the history of human endeavour on the continent.

Muscovy and the Tatars

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-431
Author(s):  
Bulat R. Rakhimzianov
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
The Political ◽  
East European ◽  
Central Eurasia ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Forest Line ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This article explores relations between Muscovy and the so-called Later Golden Horde successor states that existed during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries on the territory of Desht-i Qipchaq (the Qipchaq Steppe, a part of the East European steppe bounded roughly by the Oskol and Tobol rivers, the steppe-forest line, and the Caspian and Aral Seas). As a part of, and later a successor to, the Juchid ulus (also known as the Golden Horde), Muscovy adopted a number of its political and social institutions. The most crucial events in the almost six-century-long history of relations between Muscovy and the Tatars (13–18th centuries) were the Mongol invasion of the Northern, Eastern and parts of the Southern Rus’ principalities between 1237 and 1241, and the Muscovite annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates between 1552 and 1556. According to the model proposed here, the Tatars began as the dominant partner in these mutual relations; however, from the beginning of the seventeenth century this role was gradually inverted. Indicators of a change in the relationship between the Muscovite grand principality and the Golden Horde can be found in the diplomatic contacts between Muscovy and the Tatar khanates. The main goal of the article is to reveal the changing position of Muscovy within the system of the Later Golden Horde successor states. An additional goal is to revisit the role of the Tatar khanates in the political history of Central Eurasia in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

Konflik Hubungan Pusat-Daerah antara Pemerintah Pusat dan Kabupaten Blora Terkaiat dengan Dana Bagi Hasil Blok Cepu

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-162
Author(s):  
Budi Setiyono ◽  
Dio Satrio Jati ◽  
Teten Jamaludin
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Oil Exploration ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
National Budget ◽  
History Of ◽  
District Government ◽  
Financial Income ◽  
Resources Share

Cepu Block located between Centre Jawa and East Java. It is known as a rich block because it has a source of oil and gas. Block Cepu, where geographically located between three districts, Blora (Centre Java), Bojonegoro and Tuban (East Java) has given a contribution to national budget (APBN) and respected local government budget (APBD). About 33 per cent of the land of Cepu Block is owned by Blora, 67 per cent owned by Bojonegoro and the rest is owned by Tuban. Ironically, however, although 33 per cent of the Block belongs to Blora, the district does not receive any financial income from the oil exploration. There is no resources share fund from Cepu Block. Moreover, the district has to deal with the negative impacts of exploration activities at the Block Cepu such as damaging of infrastructure, environmental pollution, and social disturbance. Blora District has protested to Centre Government, but so far there is no outcome. Centre Government asked that this problem should be studied first. The central government argue that if it is approved, then there will be domino impact: other districts will do the same like Blora. Blora district is struggling to get equality in resources share fund (dana bagi hasil). Efforts have done, seminars and workshops, lobby to DPD (Upper House) to find a solution. Now the district government is proposing judicial review to constitution court. This research examines the history of Block Cepu. It reveals the history of the block from the colonial era up to the reformation era. Further, the research aims to know how the tension between local government (Blora Government) and central government regarding Blok Cepu oil exploration. The research suggests that there is injustice in the distribution of revenue from the exploration and it is understandable if Blora district government struggle to get proportional revenue sharing.

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