Conclusion

Fit for War ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Elizabeth Fitts
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Food Security ◽  
American Indian ◽  
Structural Violence ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
Small Pox ◽  
Potential Link ◽  
Population Aggregation

This chapter examines the implications of the artifact patterns and historic accounts described in previous chapters, particularly with regard to the relationships among Catawba militarism, population aggregation, and food security. A potential link between Catawba dietary stress in the late 1750s and the severity of a small pox epidemic that ravaged the Nation Ford communities at the end of the decade is considered with reference to the concept of structural violence. The challenges faced by members of the Catawba Nation during the first half of the eighteenth century exemplify the double-edged nature of strategies available to American Indian groups seeking to maintain political autonomy in early colonial period contexts.

Influences on the Distribution of Landholdings in Early Colonial North Carolina

1982 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Gallman
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
Multiple Regression Models ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century

The economy of North Carolina in the early colonial period was agrarian. Land was a central element in the wealth stock and it was distributed unevenly among households. This paper analyzes the distribution of land by means of multiple regression models employing measures of the principal life events of households. This paper analyzes the distribution of land by means of multiple regression models employing measures of the principal life events of households. The data are drawn from an eastern community, Perquimans County, and refer to the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century.

scholarly journals Images and Landscape: The (Dis)ordering of Colonial Territory (Quito in the Eighteenth Century)

Arts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Carmen Fernández-Salvador
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Native Population ◽  
The Real ◽  
Sacred Landscapes ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
Forced Relocation

This article explores the role played by images of the Virgin Mary in the ordering of space during the colonial period, as well as in the disruption of such order as a gesture of resistance by subordinate groups. In the Real Audiencia de Quito of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, civil and religious authorities used miraculous images of the Virgin Mary as aids in the founding of reducciones, which assured the imposition of Christian civility upon the Native population. Legal records suggest that in the second half of the eighteenth century Indigenous communities deployed similar strategies as a means of asserting their own concerns. Native actors physically manipulated Marian images in times of conflict, moving them around or apprehending them either to legitimize their desertion of colonial settlements or to resist forced relocation. In both the early colonial period and in the eighteenth century, the key strategy of shaping sacred landscapes was implemented in both Andean and Christian traditions.

Foundations

2019 ◽  
pp. 7-62
Author(s):  
Rogério Budasz
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Musical Theater ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Indigenous Languages ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
Dramatic Arts ◽  
Pedagogical Function ◽  
Written Sources

This chapter examines the conventions of Iberian theater with music from the mid-sixteenth to the early eighteenth century, as they surface in written sources and theatrical practices primarily related to Brazilian contexts. It presents an overview of the main theatrical genres, character types, and standard plots and the basic structure of theatrical functions, as well as the role of music in Jesuit autos and tragédias, religious oratorios, and secular comédias and entremezes. The chapter discusses the pedagogical function of musical theater in the early colonial period and the use of Latin, Spanish, Portuguese, and indigenous languages in these plays. It also examines the work of Brazil-born aficionados and playwrights in Europe and their role in the development of music-dramatic arts in Brazil and abroad.

Food Production and Family Labour in Southern Malawi: the Shire Highlands and Upper Shire Valley in the Early Colonial Period

1982 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Ecological Disturbance ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Rural Change ◽  
Early Colonial

The mechanics of food production by peasant cultivators have received relatively little attention from historians of colonial Africa, and yet a knowledge of food production systems and the labour they require is crucial to any understanding of rural change and stratification in the colonial period. On the Shire Highlands of Southern Malawi, ecological disturbance and the alienation of land in the early years of the twentieth century meant that an intensification of labour on food production was needed if hunger was to be avoided. The differential success of various groups in holding on to their family labour was a major factor making for economic differentiation in this period. Full-scale famine was avoided by the ability of some groups to adopt new cropping patterns, intensify labour, and thus continue to produce a food surplus. A degree of land shortage could be accommodated as long as labour could be intensified on the available land. In the Upper Shire valley at the same time, there was little shortage of land, but the concern for food security there was important in determining the outcome of the introduction of cotton as a cash-crop. The attainment of food security in this area, which was prone to drought, involved the deployment of family labour on food production over much of the year, including the planting of second crops and back-up crops in the dry season. The introduction of cotton was largely a failure because the returns did not compensate for the loss of labour on food production.

Mapping Senegambia: Legacies of Ambition and the Failure of an Early Colonial Venture

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-231
Author(s):  
Sven Outram-Leman
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Senegal River ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
Secure Access ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
River Niger

Britain's short-lived Province of Senegambia (1765–1783) was part of an expansion effort in the region driven by a desire to secure access to the gum trade of the Senegal river. Drawing on Britain's knowledge of France's dealings with the Upper-Senegal region it was complemented by the adoption of French cartography, edited to illustrate a new colonial identity. It is argued here that there was an additional motive of developing closer contact with the African interior. This pre-dates the establishment of the African Association in 1788 and its subsequent and better-known expeditions to the River Niger. In contrast to the French, however, the British struggled to engage with the region. This paper approaches the topic from a perspective of cartographic history. It highlights Thomas Jeffery's map of ‘Senegambia Proper’ (1768), copied from Jean Baptiste Bourguingnon d'Anville's ’Carte Particuliére de la Côte Occidentale de l'Afrique' (1751) and illustrative of several obstacles facing both British map-making and colonial expansion in mid-eighteenth century Africa. It is argued that the later enquiries and map-making activities of the African Association, which were hoped to lead to the colonisation of West Africa, built upon these experiences of failure in Senegambia.

Ecology and Imperium: State Formation in Early Colonial Bengal c. 1765–1800

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-281
Author(s):  
Baijayanti Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
State Formation ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Tribal Communities ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
English East India Company ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Outlying Regions ◽  
Power And Authority

This article looks at the process of state formation in Bengal in the second half of the eighteenth century when the English East India Company emerged as the paramount authority in the province. The article argues that compared with the previous regime of the Nazims who were content in exercising a loose sovereignty over the outlying regions of Bengal, the Company showed greater initiative in conquering and pacifying the remote areas of the province. In terms of its ecology, the province of Bengal could be divided into three distinct zones: the plains, the hills and the delta. The process of state formation varied in these three distinct eco-zones. While it was easy for the Company to establish its control over the Bengal plains, it became increasingly difficult for them to establish their power and authority in the hill forests (home to autonomous tribal communities who resented and resisted British interference) and in the deltaic tracts where the maze of rivers provided safe refuge and a means of escape to the Magh pirates and every other state fugitive. This article is an account of the Company’s struggles to establish its supremacy in Bengal, but it also looks at the resistance offered by autonomous tribal groups to retain and preserve their independence. Finally, this article attempts to link ecology with the process of state formation in early colonial Bengal.

Childhood in the Early Colonial Period

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-73
Author(s):  
Harry Bloch
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Child Life ◽  
Massachusetts Bay ◽  
African Slave ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
Plymouth Colony ◽  
Massachusetts Bay Colony ◽  
The Great Migration ◽  
Poor Children

A great deal has been written about the life, struggles, and accomplishments of pioneer men and women who crossed the ocean to build a new world in the wilderness; but infant and child life during early colonial days is largely hidden in obscurity. Little has been recorded.1 It is known that few children under the age of 7 survived in the crowded immigrant ships: falling into the sea, accidents, hunger, thirst, and sickness took its sad toll. Nevertheless, there were many young2-5: a third of the founders of Plymouth were children; Puritan youth were evident in the great migration to the Massachusetts Bay Colony; several cargoes of poor children and orphans from Dutch almshouses were "bound out" to the burghers of New Netherlands; children were frequently dispatched from England as indentured servants and apprentices; the London Company sent 100 children to Virginia in 1619, and 1,500, kidnapped from Ireland and England, in 1627; African slave children were shipped to the colonies after 1620; and the colonial mother6 bore many children, buried many, and often followed them to the grave at an early age. Fecundity,5 characteristic of early colonists, served to people a continent (the population was 2.5 million in 1776), and provided needed child labor. Over 50% of Plymouth colony consisted of children.7 Colonial children were viewed as miniature adults; and boys and girls were dressed alike until the age of 7.1,7,8 The infant1,7 wore a long linen smock; was covered with a woolen blanket; and a wooden or wicker cradle, hooded to protect from cold draughts, much like those in which Indian babies slept, was its bed.

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