scholarly journals Evaluation of the Time Allocation for Work and Personal Life among Employed Population in Lithuania from Gender Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-113
Author(s):  
Zigmas Lydeka ◽  
Viktorija Tauraitė
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Significant Difference

In this paper, researchers examine the allocation of time for personal life and work. In fact, this phenomenon is particularly relevant in the 21st century because employed people are most commonly faced with many issues related with work-life conflict or work-life imbalance. This kind of problem can occur for both men and women, yet it is noteworthy that the time use features can naturally differ between both sexes: women and men. For this reason, focus of this study lies on the evaluation of work-life balance between employed Lithuanian men and employed Lithuanian women. Firstly, this article analyses the theoretical background of time allocation for personal life and work. Secondly, the methodology of empirical research is presented and substantiated. Although the research was conducted in Lithuania, the methodology can be applied in another country than refer to a nationality. The results of the empirical study have shown that there are some differences in time use between both sexes: women and men. Men spend relatively more time on sleep, other physiological needs (eating; personal hygiene etc.), science / studies, leisure (in the narrow sense), and traveling than women do. On the other hand, women spend relatively more time on paid work, housework and child care, and other activities of life. It should be emphasized that a significant difference in leisure time (in the narrow sense) use between men and women has been identified. This gives the opportunity to predicate that men spend more time in leisure (in the narrow sense) than women do.

How Do Women and Men Use Extra Time? Housework and Childcare after the French 35-Hour Workweek Regulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 807-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariane Pailhé ◽  
Anne Solaz ◽  
Arthur Souletie
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Task Specialization ◽  
Exogenous Shock ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Extra Time ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Time Availability ◽  
Day Of The Week ◽  
Partial Implementation

Abstract This paper analyses how and when men and women devote their extra time to childcare and housework by exploiting an exogenous shock in scheduling: the partial implementation of the 35-hour workweek reform in France. Using propensity score matching and the most recent time use survey (INSEE, 2010), we show that time reallocations differ by gender and day of the week. While men dedicate their extra time to performing more housework on weekdays in the form of mainly time-flexible tasks such as repairs or shopping, they do less on weekends. This shift from weekends to weekdays is not observed for women who perform day-to-day tasks that are less transferable. Women spend more time on childcare and reduce multitasking. Overall, task specialization by gender is more pronounced, and this gendered use of similar extra time illustrates that time allocation is not only a question of time availability. In particular, men and women ‘do gender’ at weekends, when performing tasks is more visible to others.

scholarly journals Determinants and impact of role-related time use allocation on self-reported health among married men and women: a cross-national comparative study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenisha Russell Jonsson ◽  
Gustav Oberg ◽  
Florence Samkange-Zeeb ◽  
Nicholas Kofi Adjei
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Reported Health

Abstract Background: Research on the effects of marriage on health maintains that there is a gender-specific gradient, with men deriving far greater benefits than women. One reason provided for this difference is the disproportionate amount of time spent by women on housework and childcare. However, this hypothesis has yet to be explicitly tested for these role-related time use activities. This study provides empirical evidence on the association between role-related time use activities (i.e. housework, childcare and paid work) and self-reported health among married men and women. Methods: Data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) on 32,881 men and 26,915 women from Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK and the US were analyzed. Seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) models and multivariable logistic regression were used to estimate the association between role-related time use activities and self-reported health among married men and women. Results: The findings showed that education, occupation and number of children in the household under 18 years old were the most consistent predictors of time allocation among married men and women. Significant gender differences were also found in time allocation, with women sacrificing paid working time or reducing time devoted to housework for childcare. Men, in contrast, were less likely to reduce paid working hours to increase time spent on childcare, but instead reduced time allocation to housework. Allocating more time to paid work and childcare was associated with good health, whereas time spent on housework was associated with poor health, especially among women. Conclusions: Time allocation to role-related activities have differential associations on health, and the effects vary by gender and across countries. To reduce the gender health gap among married men and women, public policies need to take social and gender roles into account.

scholarly journals The effects of socio-demographic factors and work-life balance on employees’ emotional exhaustion

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Türker Tuğsal
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Exhaustion ◽  
Service Industry ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Work Life Balance ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors

The object of the research is observing the effects of socio-demographic factors and work-life balance on employees’ emotional exhaustion. The sample of the research consists of 261 participants in retailing, education, service, industry and logistics sectors. In line with the theoretical background, proper methods that are hierarchical regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are implemented. The contribution of the research to the existing literature is exploring the relationship between socio-demographic factors, work-life balance and burnout by carrying out the implementation in organizations. Findings of the research demonstrate that the predictor with the highest effect on emotional exhaustion is the variable named taking time for oneself. The predictor with the lowest effect is variable named life is just working. Briefly we can say, it could be argued that emotional exhaustion declines by .398 units should taking time for oneself increases 1 unit. Emotional exhaustion decreases by .223 units whether work-life accordance is changed by 1 unit. Emotional exhaustion drops .196 units should life is just working increases 1 unit. By contrast, when you change neglecting life 1 unit, emotional exhaustion decreases by .202 units. Should carrying work to home changes 1 unit, emotional exhaustion increases by .313 units. To sum up, regarding to marital status, monthly total income and sector; there are significant differences between the groups in the levels of emotional exhaustion of employees. It appears that there is no significant difference between other groups.

scholarly journals Determinants and impact of role-related time use allocation on self-reported health among married men and women: a cross-national comparative study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenisha Russell Jonsson ◽  
Gustav Oberg ◽  
Florence Samkange-Zeeb ◽  
Nicholas Kofi Adjei
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Reported Health

Abstract Background: Research on the effects of marriage on health has largely maintained that there is a distinctly gender-specific gradient in health, with men deriving far greater benefits than women. One reason provided for these differences is the disproportionate amount of time spent by women on housework activities and childcare. However, this hypothesis has yet to be explicitly tested for these role-related time use activities. This study provides empirical evidence on the associations between role-related time use activities (i.e. housework, childcare and paid work) and self-reported health among married men and women.Methods: Data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) on 32,881 men and 26,915 women from Germany, Italy, Spain, UK and the US were analyzed. Seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) models and multivariable logistic regression were used to estimate the association between role-related time use activities and self-reported health among married men and women.Results: The findings showed that education, occupation and number of children were the most consistent predictors of time allocation among married men and women. Significant gender differences were also found in time allocation, with women sacrificing paid working time or reducing time devoted to housework for childcare. Men, in contrast, were less likely to reduce paid working hours to increase time allocation to childcare, but instead reduced time allocation to housework. Allocating more time to paid work and childcare was associated with good health, whereas time spent in housework was associated with poor health, especially among women.Conclusions: Time allocations to role-related activities have differential associations on health and these effects varies by gender and across countries. To reduce the gender health gap among married men and women, public policies need to take into account social and gender roles.

scholarly journals Work-to-personal-life conflict among dual and single-career expatriates

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liisa Mäkelä ◽  
Anna-Maija Lämsä ◽  
Suvi Heikkinen ◽  
Jussi Tanskanen
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore if an expatriate’s career situation at the level of the couple (single career couple (SCC)/dual career couple (DCC)) is related to the expatriate’s work-to-personal-life conflict (WLC) and if the expatriate’s gender is related to WLC. The authors also investigate if the level of WLC is different for men and women in a DCC or SCC (interaction). Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted among 393 Finnish expatriates who were in a relationship and were working. A moderated hierarchical regression was utilized in the data analysis. Findings Gender or DCC/SCC status was not separately related to WLC but an interaction effect between gender and a couple’s career status on WLC was significant. In DCC couples, women experienced more WLC than men. In SCC couples, women experienced less WLC than men. Practical implications The findings indicate that organizations should develop practices to support both DCCs and SCCs, for instance, by providing mentors for expatriates and their family members, or through organizing family events for company employees. Couples should also negotiate their roles and responsibilities in both the personal life and work-life spheres before moving abroad and also during the time they live abroad, especially women involved in a DCC and men involved in an SCC. Originality/value This is the first study focusing on expatriates’ WLC that simultaneously takes account of how the gender and career situation of the couple are related to it.

scholarly journals Determinants and impact of role-related time use allocation on self-reported health among married men and women: a cross-national comparative study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenisha Russell Jonsson ◽  
Gustav Oberg ◽  
Florence Samkange-Zeeb ◽  
Nicholas Kofi Adjei
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Reported Health

Abstract Background Research on the effects of marriage on health has largely maintained that there is a distinctly gender-specific gradient in health, with men deriving far greater benefits than women. One reason provided for these differences is the disproportionate amount of time spent by women on housework activities and childcare. However, this hypothesis has yet to be explicitly tested for these role-related time use activities. This study provides empirical evidence on the associations between role-related time use activities (i.e. housework, childcare and paid work) and self-reported health among married men and women. Methods Data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) on 32,881 men and 26,915 women from Germany, Italy, Spain, UK and the US were analyzed. Seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) models and multivariable logistic regression were used to estimate the association between role-related time use activities and self-reported health among married men and women. Results The findings showed that education, occupation and number of children were the most consistent predictors of time allocation among married men and women. Significant gender differences were also found in time allocation, with women sacrificing paid working time or reducing time devoted to housework for childcare. Men, in contrast, were less likely to reduce paid working hours to increase time allocation to childcare, but instead reduced time allocation to housework. Allocating more time to paid work and childcare was associated with good health, whereas time spent in housework was associated with poor health, especially among women. Conclusions Time allocations to role-related activities have differential associations on health and these effects varies by gender and across countries. To reduce the gender health gap among married men and women, public policies need to take into account social and gender roles.

scholarly journals The Interplay of Socioecological Determinants of Work–Life Balance, Subjective Wellbeing and Employee Wellbeing

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4525
Author(s):  
Ka Po Wong ◽  
Fion Choi Hung Lee ◽  
Pei-Lee Teh ◽  
Alan Hoi Shou Chan
Keyword(s):  
Time Allocation ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Work Life Balance ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
Employee Wellbeing

Today’s workers are struggling to achieve a balance between their work and personal life roles because of both specific needs and limited resources. This study explored the socioecological factors that influence work–life balance (WLB) and how they operate. The relationships between WLB, subjective wellbeing, employee wellbeing and quality time allocation were examined. A total of 1063 responses were received, using an online survey. The results show that relational, community and societal factors directly influenced the individual factors and were indirectly associated with perceived WLB. Individual factors (i.e., personal feelings, behaviours and health) were found to be the crucial determinants of an individual’s perceived WLB. It was found that WLB positively correlated with employee wellbeing and quality and quantity of personal life-time. Subjective wellbeing was found to be a significant moderator in the relationship between WLB and its outcomes. This study demonstrated the process of how workers determine their own WLB by applying the socioecological framework for categorising the determinants and suggested new avenues that improve the whole wellbeing of workers and also foster long-term development of organisations.

scholarly journals Determinants and impact of role-related time use allocation on self-reported health among married men and women: a cross-national comparative study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenisha Russell Jonsson ◽  
Gustav Oberg ◽  
Florence Samkange-Zeeb ◽  
Nicholas Kofi Adjei
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Reported Health

Abstract Background Research on the effects of marriage on health maintains that there is a gender-specific gradient, with men deriving far greater benefits than women. One reason provided for this difference is the disproportionate amount of time spent by women on housework and childcare. However, this hypothesis has yet to be explicitly tested for these role-related time use activities. This study provides empirical evidence on the association between role-related time use activities (i.e. housework, childcare and paid work) and self-reported health among married men and women. Methods Data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) on 32,881 men and 26,915 women from Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK and the US were analyzed. Seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) models and multivariable logistic regression were used to estimate the association between role-related time use activities and self-reported health among married men and women. Results The findings showed that education, occupation and number of children under 18 years old in the household were the most consistent predictors of time allocation among married men and women. Significant gender differences were also found in time allocation, with women sacrificing paid working time or reducing time devoted to housework for childcare. Men, in contrast, were less likely to reduce paid working hours to increase time spent on childcare, but instead reduced time allocation to housework. Allocating more time to paid work and childcare was associated with good health, whereas time spent on housework was associated with poor health, especially among women. Conclusions Time allocation to role-related activities have differential associations on health, and the effects vary by gender and across countries. To reduce the gender health gap among married men and women, public policies need to take social and gender roles into account.

scholarly journals Motivational Change After Curricular Revision: Intersections With Out-of-Class Time Use

2021 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Brad Visgatis ◽  
Tamara Swenson
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Reading Program ◽  
First Year ◽  
Extensive Reading ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
English Curriculum ◽  
Class Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Curricular Revision

This paper reports on changes in the motivation and out-of-class time allocation to English by students at one university in Western Japan following curricular revision. Changes to the English curriculum made beginning in the 2012 academic year included a redistribution and increase in writing class hours, a shift to ebooks for first-year content-based materials, an introduction of an online extensive reading program for first-year students, and the implementation of receptive and productive vocabulary testing in first- through third-year courses. Data from a motivational survey in Japanese and time use diaries were collected from participants in 2018 and compared to previous data from 2011. No significant difference was found between the two groups in the participants’ motivational profiles or amount of out-of-class time allocation to English. Some important differences were found in how time was allocated, yet total study hours outside-of-class fall short of program and governmental expectations. 本稿は、西日本の大学に在学する学生の教室外での英語学習の時間配分と英語学習動機の関係についての研究報告である。対象大学では英語カリキュラムの改訂が2012年から実施された。改訂内容は、ライティングの時間の増加と再配分、初年度の学生へのコンテントベースクラスの読解教材の電子書籍化とオンラインでの多読プログラムの導入、1〜3年次を通した受容語彙と産出語彙のテストの導入等であった。日本語による英語学習動機付けの調査と日記のデータを収集し英語カリキュラム改定後の2018年と改訂前の2011年で比較した。その結果、参加者の教室外での英語学習動機プロファイルおよび英語学習時間数において有意差は見られなかった。一方、学習時間の配分に関しては重要な差が見られたが、教室外の総学習時間量は、大学および文部科学省の期待値に及ばない結果となった。

scholarly journals DOES TIME ALLOCATION MATTER IN PROMOTION DECISIONS? – A CASE STUDY OF WOMEN MANAGERS IN APTIV KRAKOW TECH CENTER

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-57
Author(s):  
Anna Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz ◽  
Magdalena Szyndera-Sołtysik
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Career Paths ◽  
Women Managers ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Professional Careers ◽  
Managerial Positions

Each day people make decisions regarding work-life balance, and these decisions impact many aspects of their lives, including career paths. In our article we point towards the relation between time and professional careers. There are more men than women in higher managerial positions and we inquire if time allocation matters when men and women choose to accept promotion or not. We start with a literature review regarding these issues, followed by empirical studies. The empirical studies have a twofold character. First, we conduct analysis of time-use data, and then we present the case study of managers in Aptiv Krakow Tech Center. As a result of the conducted studies, it seems that time is a constraint especially for women, although in terms of the stories of individual managers it is not evident as a universal barrier.

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