How Do Women and Men Use Extra Time? Housework and Childcare after the French 35-Hour Workweek Regulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 807-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariane Pailhé ◽  
Anne Solaz ◽  
Arthur Souletie
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Task Specialization ◽  
Exogenous Shock ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Extra Time ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Time Availability ◽  
Day Of The Week ◽  
Partial Implementation

Abstract This paper analyses how and when men and women devote their extra time to childcare and housework by exploiting an exogenous shock in scheduling: the partial implementation of the 35-hour workweek reform in France. Using propensity score matching and the most recent time use survey (INSEE, 2010), we show that time reallocations differ by gender and day of the week. While men dedicate their extra time to performing more housework on weekdays in the form of mainly time-flexible tasks such as repairs or shopping, they do less on weekends. This shift from weekends to weekdays is not observed for women who perform day-to-day tasks that are less transferable. Women spend more time on childcare and reduce multitasking. Overall, task specialization by gender is more pronounced, and this gendered use of similar extra time illustrates that time allocation is not only a question of time availability. In particular, men and women ‘do gender’ at weekends, when performing tasks is more visible to others.

scholarly journals Modelling Unpaid Housework Time in Poland on the Basis of a Time Use Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-189
Author(s):  
Marta Hozer-Koćmiel ◽  
Wojciech Kuźmiński
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Housework Time ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Care Economy ◽  
Economics Of Happiness

AbstractResearch background: The paper introduces an econometric analysis of unpaid household work in Poland.Purpose: The purpose is a quantitative analysis of the relations between the time spent on unpaid housework and some selected demographic, economic and social variables.Research methodology: In the survey, the respondents were grouped by gender and type of locality. It was hypothesized that there are strong differences in the determinants of housework time by gender and type of locality. Multiple regression models for housework time and 23 demographic, social and economic variables were estimated and verified. The analysis was conducted on the basis of individual data from the Time Use Survey conducted by the Statistics Poland in 2013.Results: The empirical study found no differences in the key determinants of housework time between women and men depending on the type of locality. The main factors of influence were: paid work time, time spent meeting physiological needs (sleeping, eating, washing), time spent on learning, the number of children and, finally, economic activity.Novelty: The theoretical part outlines barely known economic theories that addressed the issue of unpaid housework. The authors describe the care economy, humanistic economics, economics of happiness, time allocation theory as well as a two-dimensional approach to poverty research. Housework (which means the unpaid activity of household members aimed at satisfying the needs of individuals forming the household) has also been out of economic mainstream categories. Even though unpopular, it has an economic value and can be replaced by market goods and services or offered by the state. The authors have been persuaded that there are tangible and intangible benefits resulting from this type of work.

scholarly journals Determinants and impact of role-related time use allocation on self-reported health among married men and women: a cross-national comparative study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenisha Russell Jonsson ◽  
Gustav Oberg ◽  
Florence Samkange-Zeeb ◽  
Nicholas Kofi Adjei
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Reported Health

Abstract Background: Research on the effects of marriage on health maintains that there is a gender-specific gradient, with men deriving far greater benefits than women. One reason provided for this difference is the disproportionate amount of time spent by women on housework and childcare. However, this hypothesis has yet to be explicitly tested for these role-related time use activities. This study provides empirical evidence on the association between role-related time use activities (i.e. housework, childcare and paid work) and self-reported health among married men and women. Methods: Data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) on 32,881 men and 26,915 women from Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK and the US were analyzed. Seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) models and multivariable logistic regression were used to estimate the association between role-related time use activities and self-reported health among married men and women. Results: The findings showed that education, occupation and number of children in the household under 18 years old were the most consistent predictors of time allocation among married men and women. Significant gender differences were also found in time allocation, with women sacrificing paid working time or reducing time devoted to housework for childcare. Men, in contrast, were less likely to reduce paid working hours to increase time spent on childcare, but instead reduced time allocation to housework. Allocating more time to paid work and childcare was associated with good health, whereas time spent on housework was associated with poor health, especially among women. Conclusions: Time allocation to role-related activities have differential associations on health, and the effects vary by gender and across countries. To reduce the gender health gap among married men and women, public policies need to take social and gender roles into account.

The time allocation to children by parents in Europe

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 827-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne H Gauthier ◽  
Berenice DeGusti
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Family Policies ◽  
National Differences ◽  
National Characteristics ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Cross National

This article examines cross-national differences in the time parents allocate to their children using aggregate data from 15 countries collected as part of the Harmonized European Time Use Survey (HETUS). The analysis is restricted to married or cohabiting parents with at least one child under the age of seven. Results show large differences between countries; differences which appear to be associated with four main national characteristics: the countries’ level of economic development, the number of hours spent in paid work, values regarding gender roles, and post-materialist values. Some elements of the countries’ work–family policies also appear to matter but their overall effect is less conclusive.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Time Allocation for Work and Personal Life among Employed Population in Lithuania from Gender Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-113
Author(s):  
Zigmas Lydeka ◽  
Viktorija Tauraitė
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Significant Difference

In this paper, researchers examine the allocation of time for personal life and work. In fact, this phenomenon is particularly relevant in the 21st century because employed people are most commonly faced with many issues related with work-life conflict or work-life imbalance. This kind of problem can occur for both men and women, yet it is noteworthy that the time use features can naturally differ between both sexes: women and men. For this reason, focus of this study lies on the evaluation of work-life balance between employed Lithuanian men and employed Lithuanian women. Firstly, this article analyses the theoretical background of time allocation for personal life and work. Secondly, the methodology of empirical research is presented and substantiated. Although the research was conducted in Lithuania, the methodology can be applied in another country than refer to a nationality. The results of the empirical study have shown that there are some differences in time use between both sexes: women and men. Men spend relatively more time on sleep, other physiological needs (eating; personal hygiene etc.), science / studies, leisure (in the narrow sense), and traveling than women do. On the other hand, women spend relatively more time on paid work, housework and child care, and other activities of life. It should be emphasized that a significant difference in leisure time (in the narrow sense) use between men and women has been identified. This gives the opportunity to predicate that men spend more time in leisure (in the narrow sense) than women do.

scholarly journals Determinants and impact of role-related time use allocation on self-reported health among married men and women: a cross-national comparative study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenisha Russell Jonsson ◽  
Gustav Oberg ◽  
Florence Samkange-Zeeb ◽  
Nicholas Kofi Adjei
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Reported Health

Abstract Background: Research on the effects of marriage on health has largely maintained that there is a distinctly gender-specific gradient in health, with men deriving far greater benefits than women. One reason provided for these differences is the disproportionate amount of time spent by women on housework activities and childcare. However, this hypothesis has yet to be explicitly tested for these role-related time use activities. This study provides empirical evidence on the associations between role-related time use activities (i.e. housework, childcare and paid work) and self-reported health among married men and women.Methods: Data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) on 32,881 men and 26,915 women from Germany, Italy, Spain, UK and the US were analyzed. Seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) models and multivariable logistic regression were used to estimate the association between role-related time use activities and self-reported health among married men and women.Results: The findings showed that education, occupation and number of children were the most consistent predictors of time allocation among married men and women. Significant gender differences were also found in time allocation, with women sacrificing paid working time or reducing time devoted to housework for childcare. Men, in contrast, were less likely to reduce paid working hours to increase time allocation to childcare, but instead reduced time allocation to housework. Allocating more time to paid work and childcare was associated with good health, whereas time spent in housework was associated with poor health, especially among women.Conclusions: Time allocations to role-related activities have differential associations on health and these effects varies by gender and across countries. To reduce the gender health gap among married men and women, public policies need to take into account social and gender roles.

Female Labour Force Participation in India: Insights Through Time Use Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-199
Author(s):  
A. Srija ◽  
Shirke Shrinivas Vijay
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Care Giving ◽  
Time Use Survey

Labour market employment statistics covers less than 50% of all the work performed each week, and on a gender basis, the coverage is 75% of men’s work and 33% of women’s work (Ironmonger,1999). The Periodic Labour Force Survey (2018-19) results show a gap of 35.4% and 40.6% between male–female LFPR (usual status: principal + subsidiary). About 42.5% of the women (age group 15+ years) are engaged in domestic duties only while 14.2% engaged in domestic duties are also engaged in free collection of goods (vegetables, roots, firewood, cattle feed, etc.), sewing, tailoring, weaving, etc. for household consumption. As the burden of unpaid domestic duties falls largely on the females, their activities go uncaptured. It is, therefore, important to understand the time disposition of women and their burden of work so as to help informed policy formulation inclusive of women. Using the results of the Time Use Survey (2019) and the Periodic Labour Force Surveys, this study tries to better understand the gamut of paid and unpaid economic activities undertaken by women in India and aims to get better insights into the factors affecting the female labour force participation in rural and urban India. This study reflects that the double burden of unpaid domestic and caregiving activities is prevalent irrespective of the education level of the women, the income levels of the household and is equally affecting women in rural as well as urban Indian households. The findings support the fact that the predominance of time disposition on non-SNA activities negatively affects the choice of economic activities undertaken by women and there is a need to address this divide of time disposition of men and women in non-SNA activities in order to increase the female Labour Force Participation. Using cross country comparison of the G20 countries, it is observed that distribution of domestic and caregiving activities among men and women has a positive impact on the labour force participation of women. While it may be difficult to quantify the entire gamut of unpaid domestic and care giving activities into the SNA and come with improved GDP estimate, ways to reduce the burden of unpaid domestic duties can always be thought of as mentioned in the section on policy interventions. JEL Classification: J220

Work time and well-being for workers at home: evidence from the American Time Use Survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Ignacio Giménez-Nadal ◽  
José Alberto Molina ◽  
Jorge Velilla
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Content Type ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Negative Feelings ◽  
Allocation Decisions

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the time-allocation decisions of individuals who work from home (i.e. teleworkers), and compare them with their commuter counterparts. Design/methodology/approach Using data from the American Time Use Survey for the years 2003–2015, the authors analyze the time spent working, and the timing of work, of both commuters and teleworkers. Findings Results show that teleworkers devote 40 percent less time to market work activities than do commuters, and less than 60 percent of teleworkers work at “regular hours,” vs around 80 percent of their commuter counterparts. Using information from the Well-being Module for the years 2012 and 2013, the authors find that male teleworkers experience lower levels of negative feelings while working than do commuters. Originality/value This paper addresses the timing of work of workers working from home; and the instant well-being experienced, exploiting information at diary level.

scholarly journals Determinants and impact of role-related time use allocation on self-reported health among married men and women: a cross-national comparative study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenisha Russell Jonsson ◽  
Gustav Oberg ◽  
Florence Samkange-Zeeb ◽  
Nicholas Kofi Adjei
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Reported Health

Abstract Background Research on the effects of marriage on health has largely maintained that there is a distinctly gender-specific gradient in health, with men deriving far greater benefits than women. One reason provided for these differences is the disproportionate amount of time spent by women on housework activities and childcare. However, this hypothesis has yet to be explicitly tested for these role-related time use activities. This study provides empirical evidence on the associations between role-related time use activities (i.e. housework, childcare and paid work) and self-reported health among married men and women. Methods Data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) on 32,881 men and 26,915 women from Germany, Italy, Spain, UK and the US were analyzed. Seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) models and multivariable logistic regression were used to estimate the association between role-related time use activities and self-reported health among married men and women. Results The findings showed that education, occupation and number of children were the most consistent predictors of time allocation among married men and women. Significant gender differences were also found in time allocation, with women sacrificing paid working time or reducing time devoted to housework for childcare. Men, in contrast, were less likely to reduce paid working hours to increase time allocation to childcare, but instead reduced time allocation to housework. Allocating more time to paid work and childcare was associated with good health, whereas time spent in housework was associated with poor health, especially among women. Conclusions Time allocations to role-related activities have differential associations on health and these effects varies by gender and across countries. To reduce the gender health gap among married men and women, public policies need to take into account social and gender roles.

scholarly journals Determinants and impact of role-related time use allocation on self-reported health among married men and women: a cross-national comparative study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenisha Russell Jonsson ◽  
Gustav Oberg ◽  
Florence Samkange-Zeeb ◽  
Nicholas Kofi Adjei
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Reported Health

Abstract Background Research on the effects of marriage on health maintains that there is a gender-specific gradient, with men deriving far greater benefits than women. One reason provided for this difference is the disproportionate amount of time spent by women on housework and childcare. However, this hypothesis has yet to be explicitly tested for these role-related time use activities. This study provides empirical evidence on the association between role-related time use activities (i.e. housework, childcare and paid work) and self-reported health among married men and women. Methods Data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) on 32,881 men and 26,915 women from Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK and the US were analyzed. Seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) models and multivariable logistic regression were used to estimate the association between role-related time use activities and self-reported health among married men and women. Results The findings showed that education, occupation and number of children under 18 years old in the household were the most consistent predictors of time allocation among married men and women. Significant gender differences were also found in time allocation, with women sacrificing paid working time or reducing time devoted to housework for childcare. Men, in contrast, were less likely to reduce paid working hours to increase time spent on childcare, but instead reduced time allocation to housework. Allocating more time to paid work and childcare was associated with good health, whereas time spent on housework was associated with poor health, especially among women. Conclusions Time allocation to role-related activities have differential associations on health, and the effects vary by gender and across countries. To reduce the gender health gap among married men and women, public policies need to take social and gender roles into account.

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