scholarly journals Quantification of mass concentrations aerosols PM2.5 in primary schools. Case study: Tiaret city (Algeria)

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
Naceur Khadidja ◽  
Mohamed Maatoug ◽  
Benaichata Lazreg ◽  
Hermann Heilmeier ◽  
Mykola Kharytonov
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Hierarchical Classification ◽  
Spatial Knowledge ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Particulate Pollution ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
The City

23 primary schools have been selected in Tiaret city, and the collection of PM2.5 was performed in the morning, afternoon and evening, in the presence and absence of the pupils. The results found have shown a gradient of concentrations of PM2.5 by site typology. Low and average concentrations are recorded in the areas close to forests: 23.32±2.77 µg/m3 and the high concentrations are observed in the sites exposed to road traffic: 33.57±3.27 µg/m3 in winter. However, concentrations recorded in the urban sites are lower in the summer (sites exposed to road traffic: 25.33±2.85 µg/m3, sites close to the forests 23.78± 1.92µg/m3). We also noticed that the dominance of PM2.5 has been observed in the vicinity of the major axes of movement. The dispersion of these particles is illustrated by a detailed maps. The maps present information obtained by hierarchical classification, they aim to answer a need for spatial knowledge of the problem of particulate pollution in urban areas in the city of Tiaret. The hierarchical classification allowed to distinguish three groups of schools: urban, urban highly subject to dense road traffic and schools close to green spaces and forests. The results obtained revealed a high contamination of the atmospheric environment of the city of Tiaret by PM2.5 aerosols, taking into account the results recorded in primary schools. Mass concentration of PM2.5 in the 1st period (autumn and winter) is higher than that of the 2nd period (spring and summer). Indeed, the highest concentrations are recorded in the presence of pupils in winter.

scholarly journals Understanding Spatial Variability of NO2 in Urban Areas Using Spatial Modelling and Data Fusion Approaches

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Said Munir ◽  
Martin Mayfield ◽  
Daniel Coca
Keyword(s):  
Data Fusion ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Spatial Modelling ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The City

Small-scale spatial variability in NO2 concentrations is analysed with the help of pollution maps. Maps of NO2 estimated by the Airviro dispersion model and land use regression (LUR) model are fused with measured NO2 concentrations from low-cost sensors (LCS), reference sensors and diffusion tubes. In this study, geostatistical universal kriging was employed for fusing (integrating) model estimations with measured NO2 concentrations. The results showed that the data fusion approach was capable of estimating realistic NO2 concentration maps that inherited spatial patterns of the pollutant from the model estimations and adjusted the modelled values using the measured concentrations. Maps produced by the fusion of NO2-LCS with NO2-LUR produced better results, with r-value 0.96 and RMSE 9.09. Data fusion adds value to both measured and estimated concentrations: the measured data are improved by predicting spatiotemporal gaps, whereas the modelled data are improved by constraining them with observed data. Hotspots of NO2 were shown in the city centre, eastern parts of the city towards the motorway (M1) and on some major roads. Air quality standards were exceeded at several locations in Sheffield, where annual mean NO2 levels were higher than 40 µg/m3. Road traffic was considered to be the dominant emission source of NO2 in Sheffield.

scholarly journals LIFE MONZA: project description and actions’ updating

Noise Mapping ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Bartalucci ◽  
Francesco Borchi ◽  
Monica Carfagni ◽  
Rocco Furferi ◽  
Lapo Governi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Project Description ◽  
Air Quality Improvement ◽  
The City

Abstract The introduction of Low Emission Zones, urban areas subject to road traffic restrictions in order to ensure compliance with the air pollutants limit values set by the European Directive on ambient air quality (2008/50/EC), is a common and well-established action in the administrative government of cities. The impacts on air quality improvement are widely analysed, whereas the effects and benefits concerning the noise have not been addressed in a comprehensive manner. As a consequence, the definition, the criteria for the analysis and the management methods of a Noise Low Emission Zone are not clearly expressed and shared yet. The LIFE MONZA project (Methodologies fOr Noise low emission Zones introduction And management - LIFE15 ENV/IT/000586) addresses these issues. The first objective of the project, co-funded by the European Commission, is to introduce an easy-replicable method for the identification and the management of the Noise Low Emission Zone, an urban area subject to traffic restrictions, whose impacts and benefits regarding noise issues will be analyzed and tested in the pilot area of the city of Monza, located in Northern Italy. Background conditions, structure, objectives of the project and actions’ progress will be discussed in this article.

scholarly journals Differentiation of Particulate Matter Sources Based on the Chemical Composition of PM10 in Functional Urban Areas

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dusan Jandacka ◽  
Daniela Durcanska
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Coarse Fraction ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
The City

Urban air quality is continuing to deteriorate. If we want to do something about this problem, we need to know the cause of the pollution. The big problem, not only in Europe, is the high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) in the urban environment. The origin of these particles can be different, including combustion, transport, industry, natural resources, etc. Particulate matter includes a large amount of the finest PM fractions, which can remain in the air for a long time, easily enter respiratory tracks, and damage human health. Particulate matter is also produced by the abrasion of different parts of roads and vehicle fleets and from resuspension road dust, which concerns matter with larger aerodynamic diameters. For this reason, we carried out a series of measurements at various measuring stations in Žilina, Slovakia, during different measuring seasons. The main objective was to find out the diversity of particulate matter sources in Žilina. The search for the particulate matter origin was carried out by particulate matter measurements, determination of the particulate matter fraction concentrations (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1), an investigation on the effect of secondary factors on the particulate matter concentrations, chemical analyses, and multivariate statistical analyses. Varied behavior of the particulate matter with respect to the measurement station and the measurement season was found. Differences in the concentrations of investigated chemical elements contained in the PM were found. Significant changes in the concentrations of particulate matter are caused not only by primary sources (e.g., road traffic in the city of Žilina), but mainly by the negative events (combination of air pollution sources and meteorological conditions). Maximum concentrations of particulate matter PM10 were measured during the winter season at the measuring station on Komenského Street: PM10 126.2 µg/m3, PM2.5 97.7 µg/m3, and PM1 90.4 µg/m3 were obtained using the gravimetric method. The coarse fraction PM2.5-10 was mainly represented by the chemical elements Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Cr, Fe, and Ba, and the fine fraction PM2.5 was represented by the chemical elements K, S, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Zn. Road transport as a dominant source of PM10 was identified from all measurements in the city of Žilina by using the multivariate statistical methods of principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA).

scholarly journals Comparative Analyses of Parameters Influencing Children Pedestrian Behavior in Conflict Zones of Urban Intersections

Safety ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Deluka-Tibljaš ◽  
Irena Ištoka Otković ◽  
Tiziana Campisi ◽  
Sanja Šurdonja
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Traffic Characteristics ◽  
Detailed Statistical Analysis ◽  
Traffic Behavior

Children pedestrians make up 30% of the total number of children injured in road traffic in the EU. Research shows that children are injured more often in the urban areas, in residential areas near schools and parks, often at intersections and pedestrian crossings. In this study, children’s traffic behavior was analyzed by observation of signalized pedestrian crosswalks. According to the same methodology, the research was conducted in three cities in two countries (Enna, Italy, Osijek and Rijeka, Croatia) with different urban and traffic characteristics. A total of 900 measurements were analyzed, 300 in each of the cities at 18 pedestrian crosswalks located in an urban setting in the vicinity of primary schools. A detailed statistical analysis of the influence parameters shows that, as general influence parameters, pedestrian crosswalk length, movement in a group and the age of children can be distinguished. Factors that have proven to have a significant influence on the movement of children in two of the three cities observed are gender, supervision by adults, running and cellphone use. The result can serve as a valuable input for interventions in traffic education as well as a basis for the improvement of traffic conditions at intersections where children are regularly present.

scholarly journals Znaczenie kompetencji zawodowych nauczyciela szkoły podstawowej w realizacji treści programowych wychowania komunikacyjnego

2021 ◽  
pp. 195-208
Author(s):  
Fabian Andruszkiewicz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Professional Preparation ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
School Students ◽  
Municipal Police ◽  
The City

The paper presents traffic-related hazards, in particular to its young and vulnerable participants. A list was provided of road accidents that primary school students from the region of Silesia, in particular the city of Bytom participated in, together with an indication of their causes. Research was carried out among teachers of primary schools from Bytom, responsible for teaching elements of road safety, in particular to unprotected participants in traffic, aimed at determining the degree of professional preparation in this area. The cooperation of primary schools and teachers with institutions responsible for road safety were presented, such as: Municipal Police Headquarters, Municipal Police, Regional Road Traffic Centre, and others, aimed at improving child safety, as well as increasing the communication skills of teachers, through active participation in trainings and workshops, and by promoting the principles of safe participation in road traffic. Education in the field of road safety for its youngest participants should be a priority in the activities of all people and organizations, in particular teachers, who care about the safety of children and adults.

scholarly journals Environment and Pollution Management of Pollution Volatile Organic Compounds in Cluj-Napoca

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florean Carmen ◽  
Henriette Szilagyi ◽  
Andreea Hegyi
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Car Traffic ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
The City ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract Pollution negative influences the environmental, human health, buildings and increase the production of waste. We are currently witnessing pollution and degradation in some cases irreversible, of the environment. Environmental issues are extremely complex and cover all sectors. Worldwide, industrial pollution strategies necessary to reduce emissions to the atmosphere hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other polluants in urban areas. The highest concentrations of volatile organic compounds of more than 80 mg/m3 occur in densely populated areas. The latest data reported in the residential area of Cluj-Napoca values did not exceed 20 m /m3. However peaks reported VOC concentrations, depending on the season, exceeding the upper limit that according to Law. 104/2011 is 75 μ/m3. It was identified due to increase annual mean concentration of VOCs as, in particular, road traffic exceeding sanitary standards on the main traffic routes within the city. In this paper the results obtained after carrying out an analysis of the average VOC concentration recorded in the city Cluj-Napoca as a result of car traffic. They were pursued average concentrations of VOCs resulting from the combustion of liquid fuels, petrol and diesel type. Analyzing the results obtained are proposed solutions for reducing VOC emissions. The rule under which these solutions have been proposed to reduce the concentration of VOCs took into account the possibility implementation and maintenance costs thereof.

scholarly journals TRAFFIC CONGESTION LEVEL IN 10 SELECTED CITIES OF POLAND

2021 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 17-31
Author(s):  
Jacek CABAN
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Exhaust Fumes ◽  
The City ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
High Share

Transport has a great impact on human activities but contributes to many negative phenomena occurring in road traffic, for example, road traffic accidents, emission of toxic exhaust fumes into the atmosphere and a high share of cars in road traffic. For the above reasons, many initiatives have been taken in the field of road traffic management and urban logistics. Based on a literature review, it was found that the problem of the phenomenon of traffic congestion in urban areas remains an ongoing issue. In the first part of this article, the theoretical issues of traffic flow and congestion formation in the city road networks were presented. While the second part outlines the situation of transport congestion in 10 Polish cities based on the worldwide TomTom Traffic Index in the years 2008-2018. This study is a brief analysis of the trends relating to transport congestion based on the TomTom Traffic Index in these cities.

Chemical and Physical Properties of Emissions from Kuwaiti Oil Fires

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 223-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Stevens ◽  
J. Pinto ◽  
Y. Mamane ◽  
J. Ondov ◽  
M. Abdulraheem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Airborne Sampling ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
The City

After the Iraqi retreat from Kuwait in 1991, airborne sampling was conducted in the oil fire plumes near Kuwait City and ground-level samples were taken of the air within the city. For the airborne sampling, a versatile air pollution sampler was used to determine the SO2, elemental concentrations, the aerosol mass loadings and SO42− and NO3 concentrations. Striking differences between the black and white plumes were associated with high concentrations of NaCl and CaCI2 measured in the white plumes and large numbers of carbon chain agglomerates in the black plumes. For the ground-based measurements, an annular denuder system was used to determine levels of SO2, SO42−, trace elements, and mass loadings. Certain pollutant levels rose in the city during inversion conditions, when winds were too weak to continue moving the combustion products directly to the Persian Gulf, and the increased levels of Pb and certain trace elements were comparable to those in other large urban areas in Europe. This paper has been reviewed in accordance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's peer and administrative review policies and approved for presentation and publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

scholarly journals OLYMPUS v1.0: Development of an integrated air pollutant and GHG urban emissions model – Methodology and calibration over the greater Paris

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Elessa Etuman ◽  
Isabelle Coll
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
Unit Energy ◽  
European Environmental Agency ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Abstract. Air pollutants and greenhouse gases have many effects on health, economy, urban climate and atmospheric environment. At the city level, the transport and heating sectors contribute significantly to air pollution. In order to quantify the impact of urban policies on anthropogenic air pollutants, the main processes leading to emissions need to be understood: they mainly include mobility for work and leisure and household behavior, themselves impacted by a variety of social parameters. In this context, the Olympus modeling platform has been designed for environmental decision support. It generates a synthetic population of individuals and defines the mobility of each individual in the city through an activity-based approach of the travel demand. The model then spatializes road traffic taking into account congestion on the road network. It also includes a module that estimates the energy demand of the territory by calculating the unit energy consumption of households and the tertiary sector. Finally, the emissions associated with all the modeled activities are calculated using the COPERT emission factors for the traffic, and the European Environmental Agency (EEA) methodology for heating-related combustions. The comparison of emissions with AIRPARIF's regional inventory shows discrepancies that are consistent with differences in assumptions and input data, mainly in the sense of underestimation. The methodological choices, as well as the potential ways of improvement, including the refinement of traffic congestion modeling and of the transport of goods, are discussed.

scholarly journals Spatial Analysis to Identify Pedestrian Crash Zones: A Case Study of School Zones in Thailand

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-181
Author(s):  
Somluk Bunnarong ◽  
Prapatpong Upala
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
The Road ◽  
Local Roads ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
On The Road

Background:In Thailand, it has the second highest road traffic fatality rate in the world at 36.2 deaths per 100,000 populations. The pedestrian crash zones are based on the road and physical environment, vehicle and driver behavior and pedestrian behavior, especially the area around the school. Therefore, this paper would like to improve safety by identifying crash area through Geographic Information Systems (GIS).Objective:The objective of this paper is to identify pedestrian crash zones of primary schools and secondary schools in Bangkok, Thailand through the spatial analysis and GIS tool.Method:The research methodology was the data collection from pedestrian-vehicle crashes in 2016 at 12 schools of 1,218 locations in Bangkok. The data analysis used GIS for geocoding the crash locations. The spatial patterns and pedestrian crash zone map were applied by Moran’s I statistic and the Kernel Density Estimation (KDE).Results:The Moran’s index showed that the accident locations within school zone were a clustered pattern considering on Moran’s Index which approached +1 and the z-scores greater than 2.58. The KDE showed that the pedestrian crash zones were different depending on the physical environment; however, the most significant areas were at urban areas, crowded areas, and intersections of arterial roads and local roads about 508 meters from the school center.Conclusion:This research could be concluded that the spatial patterns and pedestrian crash zone map will assist the transportation planners and traffic police for identifying crash locations and specific vulnerable road users, especially pedestrians and bicycle users.

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