scholarly journals Optimization and Characterization of Novel and Non-Edible Seed Oil Sources for Biodiesel Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inam Ullah Khan ◽  
Syed Aftab Hussain Shah
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Acacia Farnesiana ◽  
Albizzia Julibrissin ◽  
Koelreuteria Paniculata ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Edible Seed ◽  
Rhus Typhina ◽  
Plant Sources

Biodiesel mainly comes from edible oil, and there is little research on its yield from non-edible sources with low-cost oil. It is paramount to investigate the non-edible oil resources which may lead to advance the commercial feasibility of biodiesel and cost effectiveness as well as resolve the food issues. This chapter describes four novel non-edible seed oil sources comprising Koelreuteria paniculata, Rhus typhina, Acacia farnesiana and Albizzia julibrissin for biodiesel production. We aimed to optimize different reaction parameters for oil extraction, alkali-catalyzed transesterification process for maximal biodiesel production and finally evaluate its compatibility with mineral diesel. The optimization factors in transesterification included the molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction time, stirring intensity, catalyst concentration and temperature. Two methods have been described including Soxhlet and mechanical for extraction of seed oil. The synthesized esters were evaluated and characterized through the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR; 1H and 13C), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and the total conversion of crude oil to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were established. The inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and Elemental Analyzer (EA) were used for evaluation of elemental concentration. The physico-chemical characterizations of the biodiesel, i.e., flash point, pour point, cloud point, and density were within the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM; D6751) and European Standards ((EN14214). Koelreuteria paniculata produced highest biodiesel oil content by Soxhlet extraction (28–30%) followed by the Albizzia julibrissin (19–24%), Acacia farnesiana (23%), Rhus typhina (20–22%). The density ranged from 0.83–0.87 @ 15°C (g/cm3) and the kinematic viscosity ranged from 3.75–6.3 (mm2/s) among all the plant sources. Koelreuteria paniculata had highest Na (5456.2), Cr (1246.8), Ni (658.36), and Al (346.87) elemental concentrations (μg/g) than other plant sources. The elemental percent of C, H, N, and O of biodiesel ranged from 72.54–76.86, 11.25–13.34, 1.97–2.73, and 9.86–12, respectively. In conclusion, these non-edible plant seeds offer a cheap source of renewable energy and can be easily grown on barren and wastelands and contribute to efficient biodiesel production to mitigate the energy crisis.

scholarly journals Production and Characterization of Biodiesel Derived from a Novel Source Koelreuteria paniculata Seed Oil

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inam Ullah Khan ◽  
Zhenhua Yan ◽  
Jun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Edible Plant ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Koelreuteria Paniculata ◽  
The Cost

Biodiesel is a clean and renewable fuel, which is considered as the best alternative to diesel fuel, but the feedstock contributes more than 70% of the cost. The most important constituent essential for biodiesel development is to explore cheap feedstock with high oil content. In this work, we found novel non-edible plant seeds of Koelreuteria paniculata (KP) with high oil contents of 28–30 wt.% and low free fatty acid contents (0.91%), which can serve as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. KP seed oil can convert into biodiesel/fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by base-catalyzed transesterification with the highest biodiesel production of 95.2% after an optimization process. We obtained the optimal transesterification conditions, i.e., oil/methanol ratio (6:1), catalyst concentration (0.32), reaction temperature (65 °C), stirring rate (700 rpm), and reaction time (80 min). The physico-chemical properties and composition of the FAME were investigated and compared with mineral diesel. The synthesized esters were confirmed and characterized by the application of NMR (1H and 13C), FTIR, and GC-MS. The biofuel produced from KP seed oil satisfies the conditions verbalized by ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards. Accordingly, KP source oil can be presented as a novel raw material for biofuel fabrication.

scholarly journals Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Aphanamixis polystachya Seed Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Sazia Ifteqar ◽  
Rajia Sultana ◽  
Sujit Banik ◽  
AFM Mustafizur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Alternative Diesel Fuel ◽  
Biodiesel Standards ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Edible Seed ◽  
Ft Ir Spectroscopy

The present study focuses on the utilization of non-edible Aphanamixis polystachya seed oil as a potential feedstock for the production of biodiesel. The extracted oil from non-edible seed could not be directly exploited for biodiesel production owing to its high free fatty acid (FFA) content of 5.785%, so acid catalyzed esterification was applied to reduce FFA of oil to zero followed by base-catalyzed transesterification to convert esterified product to its mono-esters. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the mass percentage corresponding to biodiesel under optimum conditions was 74.38%. The conversion of the triglycerides in the oil into biodiesel through transesterification was confirmed using FT-IR spectroscopy. The elemental analysis of the produced biodiesel was studied. The produced biodiesel had properties which were comparable with biodiesel standards and could be utilized as an alternative diesel fuel without any hardware modifications. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 68(2): 129-136, 2020 (July)

scholarly journals Optimization, Transesterification and Analytical Study of Rhus typhina Non-Edible Seed Oil as Biodiesel Production

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 4290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inam Ullah Khan ◽  
Zhenhua Yan ◽  
Jun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Edible Plant ◽  
Rhus Typhina

Production of biodiesel from non-edible oils is one of the effective methods to reduce production costs and alleviate the obstacle of traditional raw material supply. Rhus typhina L. (RT) is a promising non-edible plant because it grows fast and has abundant seeds. But previously reported oil content of RT was only 9.7% and 12%. Further research into improving the biodiesel production of RT seed oil is urgently needed. Here we obtained the biodiesel production of RT with a maximum oil content of 22% with a low free fatty acid content of 1.0%. The fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs) of the RT seed oil was produced by a standard optimized protocol use KOH as a catalyst with the highest yield of 93.4% (w/w). The quality and purity of RT FAMEs, as well as the physio-chemical characterizations of the biodiesel products, were investigated and compared with the international standard of ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. The values of fuel properties are comparable with mineral diesel and environmentally friendly. Overall, the proposed RT seed oil could be a potential source of raw materials for producing high-quality biodiesel after the optimization and transesterification.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Preparation, Process Optimization and Characterization from Neem seed Oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 525-527
Author(s):  
Anusha P
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Neem Seed ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Neem Seed Oil ◽  
Ft Ir

Abstract: The consumption of edible oil is very high in the country and still the indigenous production does not meet the demand and considerable amount of edible oil is imported. Also, it is not advisable to divert these sources for biodiesel production. On the other hand, the non-edible oil resources could be a solution for biodiesel production. Non-edible oil from the plant seeds is the most promising alternative fuel for internal combustion engine because it is renewable, environment friendly, non-toxic, biodegradable has no sulphur and aromatics, has favourable combustion value and higher cetane number. Extensive work has been done on the transesterification of non-edible oils; however, no significant work has been done on the optimization of transesterification process, oil characterization and fuel analysis of most of the non-edible seed oils. Low cost and abundantly found non-edible oils such as Neem oil could be a better option for biodiesel processing. In the present work, optimization of transesterification process and analysis of biodiesel from non-edible oil was done; based on optimized protocol for biodiesel production from Neem seed oil converted into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) through base catalyzed trans esterification using an optimum ratio of 1:6 (Oil : Methanol) at 600C. Biodiesel from these sources was analyzed for qualitative and quantitative characterization by using, GC-MS and FT-IR techniques. Based on qualitative and quantitative analysis of biodiesel, it is concluded that the biodiesel from these species can be feasible, cost effective and environment friendly. Keywords: Neem oil, Biodiesel, Tran’s esterification, GC-MS, and FT-IR.

Mango (Magnifera indica) seed oil grown in Dilla town as potential raw material for biodiesel production using NaOH- a homogeneous catalyst

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Minimal Amount

Biodiesel produced by transesterification process from vegetable oils or animal fats is viewed as a promising renewable energy source. Now a day’s diminishing of petroleum reserves in the ground and increasing environmental pollution prevention and regulations have made searching for renewable oxygenated energy sources from biomasses. Biodiesel is non-toxic, renewable, biodegradable, environmentally benign, energy efficient and diesel substituent fuel used in diesel engine which contributes minimal amount of global warming gases such as CO, CO2, SO2, NOX, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate matters. The chemical composition of the biodiesel was examined by help of GC-MS and five fatty acid methyl esters such as methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and methyl linoleneate were identified. The variables that affect the amount of biodiesel such as methanol/oil molar ratio, mass weight of catalyst and temperature were studied. In addition to this the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel such as (density, kinematic viscosity, iodine value high heating value, flash point, acidic value, saponification value, carbon residue, peroxide value and ester content) were determined and its corresponding values were 87 Kg/m3, 5.63 Mm2/s, 39.56 g I/100g oil, 42.22 MJ/Kg, 132oC, 0.12 mgKOH/g, 209.72 mgKOH/g, 0.04%wt, 12.63 meq/kg, and 92.67 wt% respectively. The results of the present study showed that all physicochemical properties lie within the ASTM and EN biodiesel standards. Therefore, mango seed oil methyl ester could be used as an alternative to diesel engine.

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