scholarly journals Optimization, Transesterification and Analytical Study of Rhus typhina Non-Edible Seed Oil as Biodiesel Production

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 4290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inam Ullah Khan ◽  
Zhenhua Yan ◽  
Jun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Edible Plant ◽  
Rhus Typhina

Production of biodiesel from non-edible oils is one of the effective methods to reduce production costs and alleviate the obstacle of traditional raw material supply. Rhus typhina L. (RT) is a promising non-edible plant because it grows fast and has abundant seeds. But previously reported oil content of RT was only 9.7% and 12%. Further research into improving the biodiesel production of RT seed oil is urgently needed. Here we obtained the biodiesel production of RT with a maximum oil content of 22% with a low free fatty acid content of 1.0%. The fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs) of the RT seed oil was produced by a standard optimized protocol use KOH as a catalyst with the highest yield of 93.4% (w/w). The quality and purity of RT FAMEs, as well as the physio-chemical characterizations of the biodiesel products, were investigated and compared with the international standard of ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. The values of fuel properties are comparable with mineral diesel and environmentally friendly. Overall, the proposed RT seed oil could be a potential source of raw materials for producing high-quality biodiesel after the optimization and transesterification.

scholarly journals Production and Characterization of Biodiesel Derived from a Novel Source Koelreuteria paniculata Seed Oil

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inam Ullah Khan ◽  
Zhenhua Yan ◽  
Jun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Edible Plant ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Koelreuteria Paniculata ◽  
The Cost

Biodiesel is a clean and renewable fuel, which is considered as the best alternative to diesel fuel, but the feedstock contributes more than 70% of the cost. The most important constituent essential for biodiesel development is to explore cheap feedstock with high oil content. In this work, we found novel non-edible plant seeds of Koelreuteria paniculata (KP) with high oil contents of 28–30 wt.% and low free fatty acid contents (0.91%), which can serve as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. KP seed oil can convert into biodiesel/fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by base-catalyzed transesterification with the highest biodiesel production of 95.2% after an optimization process. We obtained the optimal transesterification conditions, i.e., oil/methanol ratio (6:1), catalyst concentration (0.32), reaction temperature (65 °C), stirring rate (700 rpm), and reaction time (80 min). The physico-chemical properties and composition of the FAME were investigated and compared with mineral diesel. The synthesized esters were confirmed and characterized by the application of NMR (1H and 13C), FTIR, and GC-MS. The biofuel produced from KP seed oil satisfies the conditions verbalized by ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards. Accordingly, KP source oil can be presented as a novel raw material for biofuel fabrication.

scholarly journals PENGARUH KECEPATAN PENGADUKAN DAN SUHU REAKSI PADA ESTERIFIKASI MINYAK MENTAH DEDAK PADI BERKANDUNGAN ASAM LEMAK TINGGI

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Orchidea R. ◽  
Armanto Armanto ◽  
Lidia Yustianingsih ◽  
M. Rachimoellah
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Rice Bran Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
High Fatty Acid ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction

Rice bran oil (RBO) derived from rice bran (RB) which could use as an alternative raw material for biodiesel production. Rice bran (dedak) are used as feed for poultry, pigs, and some dairy cattle because they are relatively cheap and do not require processing. The utilization of these oil further cheapen the cost of biodiesel and increased the economonic value of RB. The choice of RBO as a raw material for biodiesel due to the rice bran oil’s potentials. RBO is considered to be one of the most nutritious oils due to its favorable fatty acids composition and a unique combination of naturally occurring biologically active and antioxidant compounds (oryzanol, tocopherol, tocotrienol, phytosterol, polyphenol, dan squalene). The research emphazised on esterification reaction because of the rapid increase of FFA content in RBO after the milling of rice. Storage time of RB increased the FFA content. Mixing velocity dan time reaction was the other two variables which are affecting the esterification reaction. Those two variables are studied in this experiment.                 Experiment were designed to examine the mixing velocity and temperature reaction to the conversion of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Reaction condition 20:1 molar ratio methanol to FFA content and 5%-v/v catalyst (to the oil) was used in all experiments. Mixing velocity and time reaction was arranged as follows: 500, 750,  1000 rpm and 40, 50, 60oC, respectively. Research conducted in four parts: soxhlet extraction with n-hexane as a solvent; oil-solvent separation process; and the last step was esterification reaction. Reaction conducted on three neck round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirrer, refluk condenser and thermometer. Crude product was separated first from unreacted methanol, glycerol, and catalyst prior to physical analyzed of biodiesel’s properties. Conversion of FAME was calculated from acid value difference, after and before reaction conducted.                 It was found that mixing velocity influenced the FAME conversion not significantly (specially in crude rice bran oil high fatty acid content esterification); increasing in temperature will increase the FAME conversion; kinetic reaction controlled by chemical reaction; and biodiesel product from this research already fullfill the requirements of Indonesian Standard of Biodiesel (FBI-SO1-03).

scholarly journals Production of Biodiesel from Castor Oil: A Review

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos S. Osorio-González ◽  
Natali Gómez-Falcon ◽  
Fabiola Sandoval-Salas ◽  
Rahul Saini ◽  
Satinder K. Brar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Attractive Alternative

An attractive alternative to the use of fossil fuels is biodiesel, which can be obtained from a variety of feedstock through different transesterification systems such as ultrasound, microwave, biological, chemical, among others. The efficient and cost-effective biodiesel production depends on several parameters such as free fatty acid content in the feedstock, transesterification reaction efficiency, alcohol:oil ratio, catalysts type, and several parameters during the production process. However, biodiesel production from vegetable oils is under development, causing the final price of biodiesel to be higher than diesel derived from petroleum. An alternative to decrease the production costs will be the use of economical feedstocks and simple production processes. Castor oil is an excellent raw material in terms of price and quality, but especially this non-edible vegetable oil does not have any issues or compromise food security. Recently, the use of castor oil has attracted attention for producing and optimizing biodiesel production, due to high content of ricinoleic fatty acid and the possibility to esterify with only methanol, which assures low production costs. Additionally, biodiesel from castor oil has different advantages over conventional diesel. Some of them are biodegradable, non-toxic, renewable, they can be used alone, low greenhouse gas emission, among others. This review discusses and analyzes different transesterification processes, technologies, as well as different technical aspects during biodiesel production using castor oil as a feedstock.

scholarly journals A Robust Two-Step Process for the Efficient Conversion of Acidic Soybean Oil for Biodiesel Production

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaojian Ma ◽  
Lingmei Dai ◽  
Dehua Liu ◽  
Wei Du
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Negative Effect

Acidic oil, which is easily obtained and with lower cost, is a potential raw material for biodiesel production. Apart from containing large quantity of FFAs (free fatty acids), acidic oil usually contains some amount of inorganic acid, glycerides and some other complex components, leading to complicated effect on lipase’s catalytic performance. Exploring the efficient process of converting acidic oil for biodiesel production is of great significance to promote the use of acidic oil. A two-step conversion process for acidic soybean oil was proposed in this paper, where sulfuric acid-mediated hydrolysis was adopted first, then the hydrolyzed free fatty acid, collected from the upper oil layer was further subject to the second-step esterification catalyzed by immobilized lipase Novozym435. Through this novel process, the negative effect caused by harmful impurities and by-product glycerol on lipase was eliminated. A fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 95% could be obtained with the acid value decreased to 4 mgKOH/g from 188 mgKOH/g. There was no obvious loss in lipase’s activity and a FAME yield of 90% could be maintained with the lipase being repeatedly used for 10 batches. This process was found to have a good applicability to different acidic oils, indicating it has great prospect for converting low quality oil sources for biodiesel preparation.

Esterification of Waste Palm Oil in Wastewater Pond for Community Biodiesel Production

2014 ◽  
Vol 692 ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Athitan Timyamprasert ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Kasem Chunkao ◽  
Juan L. Silva ◽  
Tae Jo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Concentration ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Methyl Ester Content

The aim of this research was to develop a two-step technique to prepare biodiesel from waste palm oil (WPO) with high free fatty acid content. The developed process consists of esterification and transesterification steps. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for investigating the experimental design for esterification step. Design of experiment was performed by application of 5-levels-3-factors central composite design in order to study the optimum condition for decreasing FFA in WPO. The WPO with low FFA was further experimented in transesterification step to obtain fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The investigated results showed that the WPO containing 48.62%wt of high FFA. The optimum condition of esterification step was 28 moles of methanol to FFA in WPO molar ratio, 5.5% sulfuric acid concentration in 90 min of reaction time and 60 °C of reaction temperature. After transesterification step, WPO biodiesel gave methyl ester content at 84.05% according to EN 14103 method. The properties of WPO methyl ester meet the standards of Thailand community biodiesel that can be used as fuel in agricultural machine.

Optimization of Esterification and Transesterification Reactions for Biodiesel Production from Crude Coconut Oil Using RSM Techniques

2016 ◽  
Vol 723 ◽  
pp. 610-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natta Pimngern ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Model Equations

Crude coconut oil with high free fatty acid (FFA) content was used as a raw material to produce biodiesel. In this work, the esterification followed by transesterification of crude coconut oil with methanol is studied. The response surface methodology (RSM) with 5-level-3-factor central composite design (CCD) was applied to study the effect of different factors on the FFA content of esterification and the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion of transesterification. The FAME conversion was detected by proton magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectrometer. As a result, the optimum conditions for esterification were 6:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.75wt% of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) concentration and 90 min of reaction time. The optimum conditions for transesterification were 8.23:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.75wt% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration and 80 min of reaction time. Quadratic model equations were obtained describing the relationships between dependents and independent variables to minimize the FFA content and maximize the FAME conversion. Fuel properties of the crude coconut oil biodiesel were also examined followed ASTM and EN standards. The results showed that all properties met well with both standards.

scholarly journals Hura crepitans Seed Oil: An Alternative Feedstock for Biodiesel Production

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adewale Adewuyi ◽  
Paul O. Awolade ◽  
Rotimi Ayodele Oderinde
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Iodine Value ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Hura Crepitans

Oil was extracted from the seed of Hura crepitans using hexane in a soxhlet extractor and analyzed for iodine value, saponification value and free fatty acid content. The dominant fatty acid in the oil was C18:2 (52.8±0.10%) while the iodine value was 120.10±0.70 g iodine/100 g. Biodiesel was produced from the oil using a two-step reaction system involving a first step of pretreatment via esterification reaction and a second step via transesterification reaction. The pretreatment step showed that free fatty acid in Hura crepitans seed oil can be reduced in a one-step pretreatment of esterification using H2SO4 as catalyst. The biodiesel produced from Hura crepitans seed oil had an acid value of 0.21±0.00 mg KOH/g, flash point of 152 ± 1.10°C, copper strip corrosion value of 1A, calorific value of 39.10±0.30 mJ/kg, cetane number of 45.62±0.30, and density of 0.86±0.02 g cm−3. The process gave a biodiesel yield of 98.70±0.40% with properties within the recommended values of EN 14214.

scholarly journals Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Composition of Some Turkish Apiaceae Seed Oils: New Sources for Petroselinic Acid

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601101
Author(s):  
Nurgün Küçükboyacι ◽  
Fatma Ayaz ◽  
Nezaket Adιgüzel ◽  
Barιş Bani ◽  
Ahmet Ceyhan Gören
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Petroselinic Acid ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Seed Oils ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
The Family

The seed oils of twenty-six species of Apiaceae belonging to the genera Bunium, Cnidium, Ferula, Ferulago, Heracleum, Hippomarathrum, Malabaila, Myrrhoides, Olymposciadium, Pimpinella, Prangos, Szovitsia, Trigonasciadium, Trinia and Zosima, collected in Turkey, were investigated for their oil content, and amount of petroselinic acid (PA), as well as for the composition of their fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by GC-MS. Seed oil content ranged from 7.1% in Szovitsia callicarpa to 29.3% in Ferula haussknechtii. The results showed that the seed oils of the studied species contained high amounts of PA (1.2–72.2%), followed by significant amounts of linoleic (LA, 13.8–50.8%) and oleic (OA, 4.2–61.6%) acids. PA was found in all the analyzed species, except for Olymposciadium caespitosum, which belongs to a monotypic endemic genus of the family. According to data from our study, PA was found to be predominantly in the seed oils of Hippomarathrum cristatum (72.2%), Trinia glauca (64.9%) and Bunium microcarpum (59.7%) and, therefore these species might be considered as new sources of PA, and represent a potential oleochemical raw material. This is the first extensive study of the composition of Turkish Apiaceae species. The high amounts of PA may also have chemotaxonomic significance.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Fuel from Waste Cooking Oil: A Cheaper and Cleaner Renewable Energy Source

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-199
Author(s):  
Riham Kanaan ◽  
Elissar Al-Aawar ◽  
Bassam Riachi ◽  
Salim Nassreddine ◽  
Diana-Luciana Cursaru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
High Fatty Acid ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Cooking Oil

Low cost, high fatty acid content waste cooking oil was transformed into biodiesel using an acid catalyzed chemical esterification reaction with 0.5 vol.% of H2SO4 at 60�C for 1 hour followed by the main transesterification reaction. For the purpose of comparison, biodiesel fuel was also prepared using straight vegetable oils (SVO�s). The gas chromatography test showed higher than 95% FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) content for different types of utilized feedstocks. Biodiesel fuel and its blends were characterized based on ASTM test methods to investigate its density, viscosity, flash point, pour point, heating value, and its cetane index and similar physical properties were obtained for all the prepared biodiesel fuels. B20 blend, which contains 20 vol.% of biodiesel and 80 vol.% of diesel, showed a better performance than B0 (100 vol.% of diesel) when tested in a laboratory compression ignition diesel engine. After simulation of the production process via Aspen Hysys, a feasibility study was conducted and the results revealed that utilizing waste cooking oils (WCO�s) as feedstock is more economical than starting with SVO�s as raw material.

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