Optimization and validation of polyherbal formulation by applying Box-Behnken design for the treatment of Inflammatory bowel disease in experimental animals.

Background: The use of herbal medicine in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) had been increased significantly. Allopathic treatment of IBD leads too many side effects therefore use of the herbal formulation is promising. Aegle Marmelos, Bombax malabericum, and Hollarrhena antidysentrica plants have been used to treat IBD. Objective: To evaluate a designed polyherbal formulation in experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease in rats and To validate mathematical model derived by Box-Behnken experimental design for optimized polyherbal formulation for the treatment of IBD in experimental rats by checkpoint analysis. Method: Three-level Box-Behnken design was selected to optimize the dose. Polyherbal formulation consist of plant extract of Aegle Marmelos (X1), Bombax malabericum (X2), and Hollarrhena antidysentrica (X3) in different ratios were selected as independent variable. Polynomial equations were established based on Analysis of variance (ANOVA). To validate the chosen polynomial equation checkpoint analysis were performed. The percentage of predictive error is presented. Results: ANOVA reveals that X2 plant does not have any significant impact on the response surface. The checkpoint batch showed the experimental value of CMDI and Disease activity index (DAI) as 1.33 and 0.66 respectively. It is worthwhile to note that the observed values were quite close to the calculated values of CMDI. A little difference in the value of DAI may be attributed to the inherent variation observed in animal studies. Conclusion: From this study, it was concluded that a dose of Aegle marmelos 100 mg/kg, a dose of Bombax malabericum 300 mg/kg, and a dose of Holarrhena antidysentrica 200 mg/kg will always be effective in IBD patients.

Study on the Anti-cancer Potential of Aegle marmelos Fruit Extract Pro and Anti Apoptotic Molecule in Human Melanoma Cell Line-A375

Aegle marmelos is also known as bael which is commonly found in south East Asia and Indian-sub continent. The origin of bael is India. Bael is also known as the golden apple, Bengal-quince in India. In the ancient medical system, Aegle marmelos play an important role and its extract is also useful in inflammation, diabetes, cancer and asthma. The leaves are used for anti-inflammatory, nervous disorder, control blood sugar and fruit is used to treat antiviral, anti-diabetics, and brain and heart tonic. In addition, studies have proved that bael is used for the treatment and prevention of cancer. The main aim of this study is to assess the anti-cancer potential of Aegle marmelos fruit extract pro and anti apoptotic molecules in human melanoma cell line-A375. In the present study, Human Melanoma A375 cells will be produced, grown and will be passed in different culture flasks, then RNA isolation was done and by reverse transcriptase process, RNA gets converted into cDNA. This cDNA will be used for the amplification of growth factor beta using gene specific primers by commercially available real time PCR kit. The anticancer potential effect was found in 400µg/ml, as the concentration increases, the cell viability is decreased. The current study explains the potential application of bael in pharmacological and medicinal uses in near future.

Anticancer Activity of Leaf Hydro Ethanolic Extract of Aegle marmelos in Human Lung Cancer Cell Mediated through Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 mRNA Expression

Background: Aegle marmelos (AE) is a medicinal plant that comes under the rutaceae family and the plant was used in the past for treating many diseases and illness symptoms. The plant has many effects such as anti-diarrhoeal, antimicrobial, antiviral, radioprotective, anticancer, chemopreventive, antipyretic, ulcer healing, antigenotoxic, diuretic, antifertility and anti-inflammatory properties. Aim: To know the anticancer activity of hydroethanolic leaf extract of Aegle marmelos over lung cancer cells treated with caspase 3 and caspase 9 mRNA expression. Materials and Methods: The required chemicals were collected mainly from Canada. The lung cancer cells (A549) were collected from NCCS pune and then RNA was extracted from the cells and then the study was conducted after treating it with caspase 3 and caspase 9 mRNA expression. The cells were treated with many dosage of hydroethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos and the cell viability was noted. Results: The study reported that extract of Aegle marmelos has a great anticancer activity about 1 fold change over rate of 1.7 for cells treated with caspase 3 and a fold change over of 1 in caspase 9 treated lung cancer cells. Conclusion: The study concluded an innovative finding that the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Aegle marmelos has a great anticancer activity against lung cancer cells treated with caspase 3 and caspase 9 mRNA expression.

Chemical Composition of Aegle marmelos: A Review

Aegle marmelos (Bilva) is being used in Ayurveda for the treatment of several inflammatory disorders. The plant is a member of a fixed dose combination of Dashamoola in Ayurveda. However, the usage of roots/root bark or stems is associated with sustainability concerns. Bael (Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.) is an important medicinal plant of India. Leaves, fruits, stem and roots of A. marmelos have been used in ethno medicine to exploit its' medicinal properties including astringent, antidiarrheal antidysenteric, demulcent, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities. Compounds purified from bael have been proven to be biologically active against several major diseases including cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Preclinical studies indicate the therapeutic potential of crude extracts of A. marmelos in the treatment of many microbial diseases, diabetes and gastric ulcer. This review covers the biological activities of some isolated chemical constituents of A. marmelos and preclinical studies on some crude extracts and pure compounds to explore novel bioactive compounds for therapeutic application. Aegle marmelos (L.) is a seasonal fruit that contains significant amounts of bioactives like, phenolic acids (gallic acids, 2,3-dihydroxy benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid), flavonoid (rutin), organic acids (oxalic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, propionic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid), vitamin C, vitamin B group (thiamine, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, biotin, cobalamins, riboflavin), tocopherols (α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol), carotenes (α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene, δ-carotene) and also rich in essential minerals (potassium, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, iron, copper, manganese). Hence the use of aegle plays important role as anti-inflammatory.

Aegle marmelos Leaf Extract Phytochemical Analysis, Cytotoxicity, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities

For many years, Aegle marmelos (A. marmelos) has been used medicinally and as a dietary supplement. Despite this, there are minimal research data on A. marmelos phytochemical properties and pharmacological effects. This study aimed to explore the phytoconstituents, cytotoxicity, glucose uptake, and antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of an alcoholic extract of A. marmelos leaf. The cytotoxicity of A. marmelos in HepG2 cells was tested in vitro, and the results revealed that it has strong cytocompatibility and cytoprotective properties. The extract’s antioxidant activities were investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. Antioxidant potential was shown to be quite impressive. The enzymes α-amylase and α-glycosidase were found to be substantially inhibited by A. marmelos, with IC50 values of 46.21 and 42.07 mg/mL, respectively. In HepG2 cells, A. marmelos significantly reduced ROS levels that were elevated due to high glucose and enhanced glucose consumption (p < 0.05). These activities might be due to the enrichment of bioactive phytoconstituents analyzed chromatographically using GC/MS and HPLC. The findings of this study show that A. marmelos could be an effective restorative therapy for diabetes and related diseases.

Identification of Suitable Plant Species for Vegetation Restoration at Manthali, Nepal

The present study aims to find out the suitable native plant species for restoring degraded land in the mountain from 450 m asl to 819 m asl in Khurkot of Manthali. Altogether thirty quadrats were laid to observe frequency, density and coverage of plant species present there, and ultimately, IVI was calculated. Eight plant species – 3 trees like Acacia catechu, Aegle marmelos and Annona squamosa; 3 shrubs like Rhus parviflora, Cipadessa baccifera and Abrus precatorius (woody climber), and 2 herbs like Uraria lagopodiodes and Polypogon monospeliensis were considered for the detailed study based on their high IVI values. Altogether fourteen traits (growth form, life-span, phenology, Raunkiaer’s life-form, canopy height, stem density, mean ramet distance, leaf size, specific leaf area, leaf thickness, seed mass, propagules mass, seed shape and nitrogen fixation) were studied in those eight species. Based on these traits, through this protocol, the plants were again categorized into five syndromes, i.e., establishment syndrome, dispersal syndrome, biomass producing syndrome, persistence syndrome and effect on environment syndrome. From this study, Annona squamosa and Abrus precatorius can be suggested as candidate species for early succession. Similarly, Aegle marmelos, Acacia catechu, Annona squamosa, Rhus parviflora and Abrus precatorius can be recommended to plant for restoration of degraded bushy lands, which are in the phase of secondary succession.

Regulation of Chloride Intracellular Channel Protein 1 and Caspase -3 mRNA Expression by Hydroethanolic Extract of Aegle marmelos Fruit Human Breast Cancer Cell Line-MCF-7

Introduction: Cancer is the second leading cause of death all over the world where among all types of cancer breast cancer is said to be the leading cancer followed by lung cancer. The aim of this study is to find the regulation of chloride intracellular channel protein 1 and caspase -3 mRNA expression by hydroethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos fruit human breast cancer cell line-MCF-7. Materials and methods: MCF-7 cells were collected from NCCS Pune, India. It is stored in Dubecos Modified Eagle's Medium. The Aegle marmelos fruit was collected from the herbal department and its extract was prepared. The extract of Aegle marmelosis used in treating MCF-7 cells at different dosages in in vitro. Isolation of total RNA from MCF-7 cells. The cells will be mixed with total RNA isolation reagent, sonicated and RNA will be isolated as per the standard method. c-DNA conversion and real time polymerase chain reaction. The c-DNA will be synthesized using reverse transcription by commercially available (RT-PCR) kit. Two microlitres of c-DNA will be used for amplification of clic-1 and caspase-3 using gene specific primers by commercially available RT-PCR kit (SyBr kit) and comparative CT method will be used to see the expression of genes. Untreated MCF-7 cells were compared with MCF-7 cells treated with various concentrations of the extract (10, 20 and 40ug). The statistical data’s were collected from the SPSS software version 21. Result: The given extract inhibits the proliferation of MCF-7 cells therefore said to have antiproliferative activity. Different doses of extract were tested (200ug-500ug) out of which 400ug of extract were preferred. Conclusion: The given plant extract has anti proliferative properties and hence can be used as a drug to treat breast cancer.